Notes

Chapter 2:

Health Care: Beware the Hidden Risks


1. Lindsley CW. The top prescription drugs of 2011 in the United States: Antipsychotics and antidepressants once again lead CNS therapeutics. ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 2012;3(8):630.

2. World Drug Report 2011. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR2011/World_Drug_Report_2011_ebook.pdf.

3. Drugs average 70 side effects. UPI. May 24, 2011. http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2011/05/24/Drugs-average-70-side-effects/UPI-22001306295135/.

4. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Why Learn about Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR)? http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/DevelopmentResources/DrugInteractionsLabeling/ucm114848.htm.

5. Lazarou J, Pomeranz BH, Corey PN. Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Journal of the American Medical Association. April 15, 1998;279:1200–1205.

6. Gu Q, Dillon C, Burt V. Prescription drug use continues to increase: U.S. prescription drug data for 2007–2008. Centers for Disease Control. September 2010. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db42.htm.

7. Mansi I, et al. Statins and New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Complications: A Retrospective Cohort Study of US Healthy Adults. Journal of General Internal Medicine. April 28, 2015.

8. Ibid.

9. Hopkins, AL. Network pharmacology: The next paradigm in drug discovery. Nat Chem Bio. November 2008;4(11):682–90.

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11. Hicks LA, Taylor TH Jr., Hunkler RJ. U.S. outpatient antibiotic prescribing, 2010. N Engl J Med. April 2013;368(15):1461–62.

12. Barnett ML, Linder JA. Antibiotic prescribing to adults with sore throat in the United States, 1997–2010. JAMA Intern Med. October 3, 2013;174(1):138–40.

13. Ibid.

14. Blaser M. Antibiotic overuse: Stop the killing of beneficial bacteria. Nature. August 24, 2011;476(7361):393–94.

15. Hviid A, Svanström H, Frisch M. Inflammatory bowel disease: Antibiotic use and inflammatory bowel diseases in childhood. Gut. 2011;60:149–54.

16. Mikkelsen KH, et al. Use of Antibiotics and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Population-Based Case-Control Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Aug 27:jc20152696. (Epub ahead of print.) PubMed PMID: 26312581.

17. Antibiotic/antimicrobial resistance. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/about.html. Updated August 6, 2014.

18. Get smart for healthcare. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/healthcare. Updated May 28, 2014.

19. Teillant A. et al. Potential burden of antibiotic resistance on surgery and cancer chemotherapy antibiotic prophylaxis in the USA: a literature review and modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis. October 15, 2015.

20. Fitchett JR. Antibiotics, copayments, and antimicrobial resistance: investment matters. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 15(10):1125–27.

21. Gupta S, et al. Garlic: An Effective Functional Food to Combat the Growing Antimicrobial Resistance. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science. 2015;38(2):271–78.

22. Ibid.

23. Tomas ME, et al. Over-Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection and Under-Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Infection in Adult Women Presenting to an Emergency Department. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53(8):2686.

24. Kennedy P. The Fat Drug. New York Times. March 8, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/09/opinion/sunday/the-fat-drug.html?src=me&ref=general&_&_r=0.

25. Nobel YR, et al. Metabolic and metagenomic outcomes from early-life pulsed antibiotic treatment. Nature Communications. 2015;6:7486.

26. Kennedy P. The Fat Drug. New York Times. March 8, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/09/opinion/sunday/the-fat-drug.html?src=me&ref=general&_&_r=0.

27. Cox LM, et al. Altering the intestinal microbiota during a critical developmental window has lasting metabolic consequences. Cell. August 14, 2014;158(4):705–21.

28. Therapeutic drug use. Centers for Disease Control/National Center for Health Statistics. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/drugs.htm. Updated May 14, 2014.

29. Meeker D, et al. Nudging guideline-concordant antibiotic prescribing: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. March 2014;174(3):425–31.

30. Opioid painkiller prescribing: Where you live makes a difference. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: CDC VitalSigns. http://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/opioid-prescribing/index.html. Updated July 1, 2014.

31. Ibid.

32. Vital signs: Overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers and other drugs among women—United States, 1999–2010. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). 2013;62(26):537–42. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr.

33. Opioid painkiller prescribing: Where you live makes a difference. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: CDC VitalSigns. http://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/opioid-prescribing/index.html. Updated July 1, 2014.

34. Gooseens H, et al. Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross-national database study. Lancet. 365(9459):579–87.

35. Vital signs: Overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers and other drugs among women—United States, 1999–2010. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). 2013;62(26):537–42. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr.

36. Ibid.

37. Variation in Surgical Procedures. Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice: Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care. 2014. http://www.dartmouthatlas.org/pages/variation_surgery_2.

38. Ibid.

39. Rosenthal, E. After Surgery, Surprise $117,000 Medical Bill From Doctor He Didn’t Know. New York Times. September 20, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/21/us/drive-by-doctoring-surprise-medical-bills.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&version=
LedeSum&module=first-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0.

40. Keeney BJ, et al. Early predictors of lumbar spine surgery after occupational back injury: results from a prospective study of workers in Washington State. Spine (Phila., Pa., 1976). May 15, 2013;38(11):953–64.

41. Willems P. Decision making in surgical treatment of chronic low back pain: the performance of prognostic tests to select patients for lumbar spinal fusion. Acta Orthop Suppl. February 2013;84(349):1–35.

42. Goldman L, Ausiello D. Cecil’s Textbook of Medicine. New York, NY: Elsevier Press; 2004.

43. Institute of Medicine. Learning What Works Best: The Nation’s Need for Evidence on Comparative Effectiveness in Health Care. 2007. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64784/; reference list, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK50885/.

44. Kumar S, Nash DB. Demand Better! Revive Our Broken Healthcare System. Bozeman, MT: Second River Healthcare Press; 2011.

45. Hanney SR, et al. How long does biomedical research take? Studying the time taken between biomedical and health research and its translation into products, policy, and practice. Health Res Policy Syst. January 1, 2015;13:1.

46. Westfall J, Mold J, Fagnan L. Practice-based research —“Blue Highways” on the NIH roadmap. JAMA. 2007;297:403–6.

47. Trochim W. Translation Won’t Happen Without Dissemination and Implementation: Some Measurement and Evaluation Issues. 3rd Annual Conference on the Science of Dissemination and Implementation. Bethesda, MD. 2010.

48. Green L, et al. Diffusion theory and knowledge dissemination, utilization, and integration in public health. Annu Rev Public Health. 2009;30:151–74.

49. Balas EA. From appropriate care to evidence-based medicine. Pediatr Ann. September 1998;27(9):581–84.

50. loannidis JA. Contradicted and initially stronger effects in highly cited clinical research. JAMA. 2005;294(2):218–28.

51. Pusztai L, Hatzis C, Andre F. Reproducibility of research and preclinical validation: Problems and solutions. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. December 2013;10(12):720–24.

52. Prinz F, Schlange T, Asadullah K. Believe it or not: How much can we rely on published data on potential drug targets? Nat Rev Drug Discov. August 2011;10(9):712.

53. Collins FS, Tabak LA. Policy: NIH plans to enhance reproducibility. Nature. January 30, 2014;505(7485):612-13.

54. Open Science Collaboration. Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science. August 28, 2015: 349(6251), aac4716.

55. Prior JA, Silberstein JS, Stang J, eds. Physical Diagnosis: The History and Examination of the Patient, 6th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book; 1981: 7.

56. DeGowin EL, DeGowin RL. Bedside Diagnostic Examination. New York, NY: Macmillan; 1965.

57. Simel DL, Rennie D, Keitz SA, eds. The Rational Clinical Examination. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2009: xiii.

58. DeGowin EL, DeGowin RL. Bedside Diagnostic Examination. New York, NY: Macmillan; 1965.

59. Simel DL, Rennie D, Keitz SA, eds. The Rational Clinical Examination. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2009: xiii.

60. Paauw DS, et al. Ability of primary care physicians to recognize physical findings associated with HIV infection. JAMA. 1995;274:1380–82.

61. Mangione S, Nieman LZ. Cardiac auscultatory skills of internal medicine and family practice trainees. JAMA. 1997;278(9):717–22.

62. Ozuah PO, Dinkevich E. Physical examination skills of US and international medical graduates. JAMA. 2001;286(9):1021.

63. Anderson RC, Fagan MJ, Sebastian J. Teaching students the art and science of physical diagnosis. Am J Med. 2001;110(5):419–23.

64. Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS, Committee on Quality of Health Care in America, Institute of Medicine, eds. To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2000.

65. Smith M, et al. Best Care at Lower Cost: The Path to Continuously Learning Health Care in America. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2012.

66. Campbell EG, et al. Professionalism in medicine: Results of a national survey of physicians. Ann Intern Med. December 2007;147(11):795–803.

67. Lehnert BE, Bree RL. Analysis of appropriateness of outpatient CT and MRI referred from primary care clinics at an academic medical center: how critical is the need for improved decision support. J Am Coll Radiol 2010;7:192–97.

68. Rosenthal DI, et al. Radiology order entry with decision support: initial clinical experiences. J Am Coll Radiol 2006;3:799–806.

69. Bunt CW, et al. Point-of-Care Estimated Radiation Exposure and Imaging Guidelines Can Reduce Pediatric Radiation Burden. J Am Board Fam Med. May–June 2015;28:343–50.

70. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. What Are the Radiation Risks from CT? http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging/MedicalX-Rays/ucm115329.htm.

71. Cosgrove, James C. Physician Self-Referral: Recent Research from the Government Accountability Office (GAO). National Health Policy Forum. July 18, 2014.

72. Ibid.

73. Kirkner RM. The Enduring Temptation of Physician Self-Referral. Managed Care. October 2011. http://www.managedcaremag.com/content/enduring-temptation-physician-self-referral.

74. Ibid.

75. Cosgrove James C. Physician Self-Referral: Recent Research from the Government Accountability Office (GAO). National Health Policy Forum. July 18, 2014.

76. Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS, Committee on Quality of Health Care in America, Institute of Medicine, eds. To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2000.

77. Smith M, et al. Best Care at Lower Cost: The Path to Continuously Learning Health Care in America. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2012.

78. Campbell EG, et al. Professionalism in medicine: Results of a national survey of physicians. Ann Intern Med. December 2007;147(11):795–803.

79. Hartzband P, Groopman J. How Medical Care Is Being Corrupted. New York Times. November 18, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/19/opinion/how-medical-care-is-being-corrupted.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=c-column-top-span-region&region=c-column-top-span-region&WT.nav=c-column-top-span-region&_r=1.

80. Ibid.

81. Taffel SM, Placek PJ, Liss T. Trends in the United States cesarean section rate and reasons for the 1980–85 rise. Am J Public Health. 1987;77:955–59.

82. Martin JA, et al. Births: Final data for 2009. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2011;60:1–70.

83. Declercq ER, et al. Listening to Mothers II: Report of the Second National U.S. Survey of Women’s Childbearing Experiences. Conducted January–February 2006 for Childbirth Connection by Harris Interactive in partnership with Lamaze International. J Perinat Educ. 2007;16:9–14.

84. Taffel SM, Placek PJ, Liss T. Trends in the United States cesarean section rate and reasons for the 1980–85 rise. Am J Public Health. 1987;77:955–59.

85. Ibid.

86. Martin JA, et al. Births: Final data for 2009. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2011;60:1–70.

87. Declercq ER, et al. Listening to Mothers II: Report of the Second National U.S. Survey of Women’s Childbearing Experiences. Conducted January–February 2006 for Childbirth Connection by Harris Interactive in partnership with Lamaze International. J Perinat Educ. 2007;16:9–14.

88. Ibid.

89. Bergstrom A, et al. Establishment of intestinal microbiota during early life: A longitudinal, explorative study of a large cohort of Danish infants. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2014;80(9):2889.

90. Ibid.

91. Moon C, et al. Vertically transmitted faecal IgA levels determine extra-chromosomal phenotypic variation. Nature. 2015.

92. Bergstrom A, et al. Establishment of intestinal microbiota during early life: A longitudinal, explorative study of a large cohort of Danish infants. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2014;80(9):2889.

93. Khafipour E, Ghia JE. Mode of delivery and inflammatory disorders. J Immunol Clin Res. 2013;1:1004.

94. Hansen CH, et al. Mode of delivery shapes gut colonization pattern and modulates regulatory immunity in mice. J Immunol. August 1, 2014;193(3):1213–22.

95. Vehik K, Dabelea, D. Why are C-section deliveries linked to childhood type 1 diabetes? Diabetes. 2012;61(1):36–37.

96. Adler SA, Wong-Kee-You, AMB. Differential attentional responding in caesarean versus vaginally delivered infants. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics. August 11, 2015.

97. Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS, Committee on Quality of Health Care in America, Institute of Medicine, eds. To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2000.

98. Smith M, et al. Best Care at Lower Cost: The Path to Continuously Learning Health Care in America. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2012.

99. Campbell EG, et al. Professionalism in medicine: Results of a national survey of physicians. Ann Intern Med. December 2007;147(11):795–803.

100. Squires D. Explaining high health care spending in the United States: An international comparison of supply, utilization, prices, and quality. Commonwealth Fund. May 2012. http://www.commonwealthfund.org/~/media/Files/Publications/Issue per-cent20Brief/2012/May/1595_Squires_explaining_high_hlt_care_spending_intl_brief.pdf

101. Where Do You Get the Most for Your Health Care Dollar? Bloomberg: Bloomberg Visual Data. September 18, 2014. http://www.bloomberg.com/infographics/2014-09-15/most-efficient-health-care-around-the-world.html.

102. Yong PL, Saunders RS, Olsen L, eds. The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes. Workshop series summary. Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2010.

103. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Medication Guides. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm085729.htm.

Chapter 3:

Can’t Stomach It?


1. Laugier R, et al. Changes in pancreatic exocrine secretion with age: Pancreatic exocrine secretion does decrease in the elderly. Digestion. 1991;50(3–4):202–11.

2. Morley JE. The aging gut: Physiology. Clin Geriatr Med. November 2007;23(4):757–67.

3. Grossman MI, Kirsner JB, Gillespie IE. Basal and histalog-stimulated gastric secretion in control subjects and in patients with peptic ulcer or gastric cancer. Gastroenterology. 1963;45:15–26.

4. Krasinski SD, et al. Fundic atrophic gastritis in an elderly population. Effect on hemoglobin and several serum nutritional indicators. J Am Geriatr Soc. November 1986;34(11):800–06.

5. Heidelbaugh JJ, et al. Overutilization of proton pump inhibitors: What the clinician needs to know. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. July 2012;5(4):219–32.

6. Fohl AL, Regal RE. Proton pump inhibitor-associated pneumonia: Not a breath of fresh air after all? World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. June 2011;2(3):17–26.

7. Ibid.

8. Proton pump inhibitors: Use in adults. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. http://www.cms.gov/Medicare-Medicaid-Coordination/Fraud-Prevention/Medicaid-Integrity-Education/Pharmacy-Education-Materials/Downloads/ppi-adult-factsheet.pdf. Updated June 10, 2014.

9. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea can be associated with stomach acid drugs known as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). U.S. Food and Drug Administration: FDA Drug Safety Communication. http://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/ucm290510.htm. Updated February 15, 2013.

10. Pali-Schöll I, et al. Antacids and dietary supplements with an influence on the gastric pH increase the risk for food sensitization. Clin Exp Allergy. July 2010;40(7):1091–98.

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12. Frewin R, Henson A, Provan D. ABC of clinical haematology. Iron deficiency anaemia. BMJ. February 1997;314(7077):360–63.

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14. Smith AD, et al. Homocysteine-lowering by B vitamins slows the rate of accelerated brain atrophy in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. September 8, 2010;5(9):e12244.

15. Douaud G, et al. Preventing Alzheimer's disease–related gray matter atrophy by B-vitamin treatment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. June 4, 2013;110(23):9523–28.

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17. Levant JA, Walsh JH, Isenberg JI. Stimulation of gastric secretion and gastrin release by single oral doses of calcium carbonate in man. N Engl J Med. 1973;289:555–58.

18. Reeder DD, Conlee JL, Thompson JC. Calcium carbonate antacid and serum gastrin concentration in duodenal ulcer. Surg Forum. 1971;22:308–10.

19. Bradley PR, ed. British Herbal Compendium (Vol. 1): A handbook of scientific information on widely used plant drugs. Guilford and King’s Lynn, Great Britain: Biddles Ltd.; 1992: 109–11.

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21. Ho JW, Jie M. Pharmacological activity of cardiovascular agents from herbal medicine. Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry—Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents). October 2007;5(4):273–77.

22. Patwardhan B. Ethnopharmacology and drug discovery. J Ethnopharmacol. August 22, 2005;100(1–2):50–52.

23. Raja MKMM, Sethiya NK, Mishra SH. A comprehensive review on Nymphaea stellata: A traditionally used bitter. J Adv Pharm Tech Res. 2010;1(3):311–19.

24. Suryawanshi JAS. An overview of Citrus aurantium used in treatment of various diseases. African Journal of Plant Science. July 2011;5(7):390–95.

25. Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S. Suppression of the nuclear factor-kappaB activation pathway by spice-derived phytochemicals: Reasoning for seasoning. Ann NY Acad Sci. December 2004;1030:434–41. Review.

26. Kim MH, Kim SH, Yang WM. Mechanisms of Action of Phytochemicals from Medicinal Herbs in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Planta Med. October 2014;80(15):1249–58.

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28. Wagner AE, Terschluesen AM, Rimbach G. Health promoting effects of brassica-derived phytochemicals: From chemopreventive and anti-inflammatory activities to epigenetic regulation. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2013;2013:964539.

29. Gupta S, et al. Garlic: An Effective Functional Food to Combat the Growing Antimicrobial Resistance. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science. 2015;38(2):271–78.

30. Ibid.

31. Johns CE, et al. The diurnal rhythm of the cytoprotective human trefoil protein TFF2 is reduced by factors associated with gastric mucosal damage: ageing, Helicobacter pylori infection, and sleep deprivation. Am J Gastroenterol. July 2005;100(7):1491–97.

32. Semple J, et al. Dramatic diurnal variation in the concentration of the human trefoil peptide TFF2 in gastric juice. Gut. May 2001;48(5):648–55.

Chapter 4:

Exploring Your Body’s Connections


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2. Rao AV, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of a probiotic in emotional symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome. Gut Pathog. March 2009;1(1):6.

3. Bercik P, et al. The anxiolytic effect of Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 involves vagal pathways for gut-brain communication. Neurogastroenterol Motil. December 2011;23(12):1132–39.

4. Svensson E, et al. Vagotomy and Subsequent Risk of Parkinson's Disease. Ann Neurol. May 29, 2015. (Epub ahead of print.) PubMed PMID: 26031848.

5. Khalesi S, et al. Effect of probiotics on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Hypertension. Published online before print July 21, 2014.

6. DiRienzo DB. Effect of probiotics on biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: Implications for heart-healthy diets. Nutrition Reviews. January 2014;72(1):18–29.

7. Fabian E, Elmadfa I. Influence of daily consumption of probiotic and conventional yoghurt on the plasma lipid profile in young healthy women. Ann Nutr Metab. 2006;50:387–93.

8. Bongers G, et al. Interplay of host microbiota, genetic perturbations, and inflammation promotes local development of intestinal neoplasms in mice. J Exp Med. March 3, 2014;211(3):457–72.

9. Forli, L, et al. Dietary vitamin K2 supplement improves bone status after lung and heart transplantation. Transplantation. February 27, 2010;89(4):458–64.

10. Vermeer C, et al. Beyond deficiency: Potential benefits of increased intakes of vitamin K for bone and vascular health. Eur J Nutr. December 2004;43(6):325–35. Epub February 5, 2004. PubMed PMID: 15309455. Review.

11. Iwamoto J, et al. Bone quality and vitamin K2 in type 2 diabetes: Review of preclinical and clinical studies. Nutr Rev. March 2011;69(3):162–67.

12. Choi, HJ, et al. Vitamin K2 Supplementation Improves Insulin Sensitivity via Osteocalcin Metabolism: A Placebo-Controlled Trial. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(9):e147.

13. Varsha MK, et al. Vitamin K1 alleviates streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes by mitigating free radical stress, as well as inhibiting NF-κB activation and iNOS expression in rat pancreas. Nutrition. January 2015;31(1):214–22.

14. Veldhuis-Vlug AG, Fliers E, Bisschop PH. Bone as a regulator of glucose metabolism. Neth J Med. October 2013;71(8):396–400. Review.

15. Hart R, Doherty D. The Potential Implications of a PCOS Diagnosis on a Woman's Long-Term Health Using Data Linkage. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2015;100(3):911–19.

16. Dunaif A, Fauser BC. Renaming PCOS—a two-state solution. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(11):4325.

17. Chang L. Brain responses to visceral and somatic stimuli in irritable bowel syndrome: A central nervous system disorder? Gastroenterol Clin North Am. June 2005;34(2):271–79.

18. Hang CH, et al. Alterations of intestinal mucosa structure and barrier function following traumatic brain injury in rats. World J Gastroenterol. December 9, 2003(12):2776–81.

19. Geissler A, et al. Focal white-matter lesions in brain of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet. April 8, 1995;345(8954):897–98.

20. Roman-Garcia P, et al. Vitamin B12–dependent taurine synthesis regulates growth and bone mass. J Clin Invest. July 1, 2014;124(7):2988–3002.

21. Iwamoto J, et al. Bone quality and vitamin K2 in type 2 diabetes: Review of preclinical and clinical studies. Nutr Rev. March 2011;69(3):162–67.

22. Sebastian A, et al. The evolution-informed optimal dietary potassium intake of human beings greatly exceeds current and recommended intakes. Semin Nephrol. November 2006;26:447–53.

23. König D, et al. Effect of a Supplement Rich in Alkaline Minerals on Acid-Base Balance in Humans. Nutrition Journal. June 10, 2009;8:23.

24. Sebastian A, et al. The evolution-informed optimal dietary potassium intake of human beings greatly exceeds current and recommended intakes. Semin Nephrol. November 2006;26:447–53.

25. Green DM, et al. Serum potassium level and dietary potassium intake as risk factors for stroke. Neurology. August 13, 2002;59(3):314–20.

26. Khaw KT, Barrett-Connor E. Dietary potassium and stroke-associated mortality. A 12-year prospective population study. N Engl J Med. January 29, 1987;316(5):235–40.

27. Green DM, et al. Serum potassium level and dietary potassium intake as risk factors for stroke. Neurology. August 13, 2002;59(3):314–20.

28. Khaw KT, Barrett-Connor E. Dietary potassium and stroke-associated mortality. A 12-year prospective population study. N Engl J Med. January 29, 1987;316(5):235–40.

29. Park YG, Moon JH, Park SY. Lactoferrin from bovine colostrum regulates prolyl hydroxylase 2 activity and prevents prion protein-mediated neuronal cell damage via cellular prion protein. Neuroscience. August 22, 2014;274:187–97.

30. Rai D, et al. Longitudinal changes in lactoferrin concentrations in human milk: a global systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2014;54(12):1539–47.

31.Wang J, et al. Recombination adenovirus-mediated human lactoferrin cDNA inhibits the growth of human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J Pharm Pharmacol. March 2012;64(3):457–63.

32. Kanwar JR, et al. Fe-bLf nanoformulation targets surviving to kill colon cancer stem cells and maintains absorption of iron, calcium and zinc. Nanomedicine (Lond). January 2015;10(1):35–55.

33. Gibbons JA, Kanwar RK, Kanwar JR. Lactoferrin and cancer in different cancer models. Front Biosci (Schol Ed). June 1, 2011;3:1080–8. Review.

34. Lönnerdal B. Nutritional roles of lactoferrin. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. May 2009;12(3):293–97.

35. Tian H, et al. Evaluation of the cytoprotective effects of bovine lactoferrin against intestinal toxins using cellular model systems. Biometals. June 2010;23(3):589–92.

36. Guttner, Y, et al. Human recombinant lactoferrin is ineffective in the treatment of human Helicobacter pylori infection. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003;125–29.

37. Amini AA, Nair LS. Lactoferrin: a biologically active molecule for bone regeneration. Curr Med Chem. 2011;18(8):1220–9. Review.

38. Naot D, et al. Lactoferrin—a novel bone growth factor. Clin Med Res. May 2005;3(2):93–101. Review.

39. Cornish J, et al. Lactoferrin and bone; structure-activity relationships. Biochem Cell Biol. June 2006;84(3):297–302.

40. WÅ‚odarski KH, et al. [The importance of lactoferrin in bone regeneration]. Pol Merkur Lekarski. July 2014;37(217):65–67. Review. Polish.

41. Cornish J, et al. Lactoferrin is a potent regulator of bone cell activity and increases bone formation in vivo. Endocrinology. September 2004;145(9):4366–74.

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63. Cryan JF, O’Mahony SM. The microbiome-gut-brain axis: from bowel to behavior. Neurogastroenterol Motil. March 2011;23(3):187–92.

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68. Ibid.

69. Vincentini O, et al. Environmental factors of celiac disease: cytotoxicity of hulled wheat species Triticum monococcum, T. turgidum ssp. dicoccum and T. aestivum ssp. spelta. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. November 2007;22(11):1816–22.

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72. De Vincenzi M, et al. In vitro toxicity testing of alcohol-soluble proteins from diploid wheat Triticum monococcum in celiac disease. Biochem Toxicol. 1996;11:313–18.

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74. Perry GH, et al. Diet and the evolution of human amylase gene copy number variation. Nature genetics. 2007;39(10):1256–60.

75. Lee C, et al. CNVs vs. SNPs: Understanding Human Structural Variation in Disease. Webinar. Science/AAAS. July 16, 2008. http://webinar.sciencemag.org/webinar/archive/cnvs-vs-snps.

76. Ibid.

77. Samsel A, Seneff S. Glyphosate, pathways to modern diseases II: Celiac sprue and gluten intolerance. Interdiscip Toxicol. December 2013;6(4):159–84.

78. Carman JA, et al. A long-term toxicology study on pigs fed a combined genetically modified (GM) soy and GM maize diet. J Organ Syst. 2013;8:38–54.51.

79. Shehata AA, et al. The effect of glyphosate on potential pathogens and beneficial members of poultry microbiota in vitro. Curr Microbiol. 2013;66:350–58.

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Chapter 5:

Our Health in Pieces


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Chapter 6:

What Color Is Your Traffic Light?


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Chapter 7:

The Power That Heals You


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48. Spinal manipulation and exercise trump drugs for neck pain. Harvard Women’s Health Watch. April 2012;19(8):6–7.

49. Miller JE, et al. Contribution of chiropractic therapy to resolving suboptimal breastfeeding: a case series of 114 infants. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. October 2009;32(8):670–74.

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54. Bryans R, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for the chiropractic treatment of adults with headache. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. June 2011;34(5):274–89.

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56. Kovanur Sampath K, et al. Measureable changes in the neuro-endocrinal mechanism following spinal manipulation. Med Hypotheses. October 10, 2015.

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100. Boline PD, et al. Spinal manipulation vs. amitriptyline for the treatment of chronic tension-type headaches: a randomized clinical trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. March–April 1995;18(3):148–54.

101. Oliphant D. Safety of spinal manipulation in the treatment of lumbar disk herniations: a systematic review and risk assessment. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. March–April 2004;27(3):197–210. Review.

102. Rogers CM, Triano JJ. Biomechanical measure validation for spinal manipulation in clinical settings. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. November–December 2003;26(9):539–48.

103. Giles LG, Muller R. Chronic spinal pain: a randomized clinical trial comparing medication, acupuncture, and spinal manipulation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). July 15, 2003;28(14):1490–1502; discussion 1502–3.

104. Hawk C, et al. Feasibility study of short-term effects of chiropractic manipulation on older adults with impaired balance. J Chiropr Med. December 2007;6(4):121–31.

105. Bove G, Nilsson N. Spinal manipulation in the treatment of episodic tension-type headache: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. November 11, 1998;280(18):1576–79.

106. Bolton PS, Budgell BS. Spinal manipulation and spinal mobilization influence different axial sensory beds. Med Hypotheses. 2006;66(2):258–62.

107. Stuber KJ, Smith DL. Chiropractic treatment of pregnancy-related low back pain: a systematic review of the evidence. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. July–August 2008;31(6):447–54.

108. Nilsson N, Christensen HW, Hartvigsen J. The effect of spinal manipulation in the treatment of cervicogenic headache. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. June 1997;20(5):326–30.

109. Langenfeld A, et al. Prognostic Factors for Recurrences in Neck Pain Patients Up to 1 Year After Chiropractic Care. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. September 2015;38(7):458–64.

110. Hestbaek L, et al. Low back pain in primary care: a description of 1,250 patients with low back pain in Danish general and chiropractic practice. Int J Family Med. 2014;2014:106102.

111. Seaman DR, Palombo AD. An overview of the identification and management of the metabolic syndrome in chiropractic practice. J Chiropr Med. September 2014;13(3):210–19.

112. Goto V, et al. Chiropractic intervention in the treatment of postmenopausal climacteric symptoms and insomnia: A review. Maturitas. May 2014;78(1):3–7.

113. Sherrod C, Johnson D, Chester B. Safety, tolerability and effectiveness of an ergonomic intervention with chiropractic care for knowledge workers with upper-extremity musculoskeletal disorders: a prospective case series. Work. 2014;49(4):641–51.

114. Walker BF, et al. Outcomes of usual chiropractic. The OUCH randomized controlled trial of adverse events. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). September 15, 2013;38(20):1723–29.

115. Alcantara J, Alcantara JD, Alcantara J. The chiropractic care of patients with cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Integr Cancer Ther. December 2012;11(4):304–12.

116. Thorman P, Dixner A, Sundberg T. Effects of chiropractic care on pain and function in patients with hip osteoarthritis waiting for arthroplasty: a clinical pilot trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. July–August 2010;33(6):438–44.

117. Zhang J, Snyder BJ, Vernor L. The effect of low force chiropractic adjustments on body surface electromagnetic field. J Can Chiropr Assoc. March 2004;48(1):29–35.

118. Alcantara J, Ohm J, Kunz D. The chiropractic care of children. J Altern Complement Med. June 2010;16(6):621–26.

119. Shaw L, et al. A systematic review of chiropractic management of adults with Whiplash-Associated Disorders: recommendations for advancing evidence-based practice and research. Work. 2010;35(3):369–94.

120. Van Poecke AJ, Cunliffe C. Chiropractic treatment for primary nocturnal enuresis: a case series of 33 consecutive patients. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. October 2009;32(8):675–81.

121. Welch A, Boone R. Sympathetic and parasympathetic responses to specific diversified adjustments to chiropractic vertebral subluxations of the cervical and thoracic spine. J Chiropr Med. September 2008;7(3):86–93.

122. Christensen KD, Buswell K. Chiropractic outcomes managing radiculopathy in a hospital setting: a retrospective review of 162 patients. J Chiropr Med. September 2008;7(3):115–25.

123. Sandell J, Palmgren PJ, Björndahl L. Effect of chiropractic treatment on hip extension ability and running velocity among young male running athletes. J Chiropr Med. June 2008;7(2):39–47.

124. Borggren CL. Pregnancy and chiropractic: a narrative review of the literature. J Chiropr Med. June 2007;6(2):70–74.

125. Hoskins W, et al. Chiropractic treatment of lower extremity conditions: a literature review. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. October 2006;29(8):658–71. Review.

126. Smith DL, Dainoff MJ, Smith JP. The effect of chiropractic adjustments on movement time: a pilot study using Fitts Law. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. May 2006;29(4):257–66.

127. Dimmick KR, Young MF, Newell D. Chiropractic manipulation affects the difference between arterial systolic blood pressures on the left and right in normotensive subjects. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. January 2006;29(1):46.

Chapter 8:

The Internet, Blood Pressure, and Emotions


1. Valderrama AL, et al. Vital signs: Awareness and treatment of uncontrolled hypertension among adults—United States, 2003–2010. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. September 7, 2012;61(35);703–9. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6135a3.htm.

2. Go AS, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2013 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;127:e6–e245.

3. World Health Organization. Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risk. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press; 2009.

4. Ohkubo T, et al. How many times should blood pressure be measured at home for better prediction of stroke risk? Ten-year follow-up results from the Ohasama study. J Hypertens. June 2004;22(6):1099–104.

5. Muller DN, et al. Immune-related effects in hypertension and target-organ damage. Current Opin Nephrol Hypertens. March 2011;20(2):113–17.

6. Hermida RC, et al. Around-the-clock ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is required to properly diagnose resistant hypertension and assess associated vascular risk. Curr Hypertens Rep. July 2014;16(7):445.

7. Houston M. What Your Doctor May Not Tell You About Hypertension: The Revolutionary Nutrition and Lifestyle Program to Help Fight High Blood Pressure. New York, NY: Hachette Book Group; 2003.

8. Bonetti PO, et al. Noninvasive identification of patients with early coronary atherosclerosis by assessment of digital reactive hyperemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(11):2137–41.

9. Niiranen TJ, et al. Office, home, and ambulatory blood pressures as predictors of cardiovascular risk. J Hypertension. May 2014. pii: HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03292. (Epub ahead of print.)

10. Rock W, et al. The association between ambulatory systolic blood pressure and cardiovascular events in a selected population with intensive control of cardiovascular risk factors. J Am Soc Hypertens. April 4, 2014. pii: S1933-1711(14)00448-3.

Chapter 9:

The Pressure’s On


1. Lopez MJ, et al. Salt-resistant hypertension in mice lacking the guanylyl cyclase-A receptor for atrial natriuretic peptide. Nature. November 1995;378(6552):65–68.

2. Weinberger, MH. Salt sensitivity of blood pressure in humans. Hypertension. 1996;27:481–90.

3. Could low salt intake increase mortality risk? Medical News Today. September 10, 2013. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/265814.php.

4. Horikawa C, et al. Dietary sodium intake and incidence of diabetes complications in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: Analysis of the Japan Diabetes Complications Study (JDCS). Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. July 22, 2014. http://press.endocrine.org/doi/abs/10.1210/jc.2013-4315?journalCode=jcem.

5. Schmidlin O, et al. Chloride-dominant salt sensitivity in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat. Hypertension. May 2005;45:867–73.

6. McCallum L, et al. Serum chloride is an independent predictor of mortality in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. November 2013;62(5):836–43.

7. Wood, S. Populationwide sodium guidance “makes no sense” in most countries. Medscape. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/810431. September 4, 2013.

8. Kotchen, TA. Contributions of Sodium and Chloride to NaCl-Induced Hypertension. Hypertension. 2005;45:867–73.

9. Watson SE, et al. Abstract 36: Adult hypertension risk is more than quadrupled in obese children. Hypertension. 2013;62:836–43.

10. Whitescarver SA, et al. Salt-sensitive hypertension: contribution of chloride. Science. March 30, 1984;223(4643):1430–32.

11. Luft FC, et al. Sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride: effects on blood pressure and electrolyte homeostasis in normal and hypertensive man. J Hypertens. July 1990;8(7):663–70.

12. Mahajan A, et al. Daily oral sodium bicarbonate preserves glomerular filtration rate by slowing its decline in early hypertensive nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2010;78(3):303–9.

13. Goraya N, et al. A comparison of treating metabolic acidosis in CKD stage 4 hypertensive kidney disease with fruits and vegetables or sodium bicarbonate. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. March 2013;8(3):371–81.

14. Susantitaphong P, et al. Short- and long-term effects of alkali therapy in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review. Am J Nephrol. 2012;35(6):540–47.

15. Schmidlin O, et al. Chloride-dominant salt sensitivity in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat. Hypertension. May 2005;45:867–73.

16. McCallum L, et al. Serum chloride is an independent predictor of mortality in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. November 2013;62(5):836–43.178. Kotchen, TA. Contributions of Sodium and Chloride to NaCl-Induced Hypertension. Hypertension. 2005;45:867–73.

17. Whitescarver SA, et al. Salt-sensitive hypertension: contribution of chloride. Science. March 30, 1984;223(4643):1430–32.

18. Luft FC, et al. Sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride: effects on blood pressure and electrolyte homeostasis in normal and hypertensive man. J Hypertens. July 1990;8(7):663–70. 190. Schmidlin O, et al. Chloride-dominant salt sensitivity in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat. Hypertension. May 2005;45:867–73.

19. McCallum L, et al. Serum chloride is an independent predictor of mortality in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. November 2013;62(5):836–43.

20. Kotchen, TA. Contributions of sodium and chloride to NaCl-induced hypertension. Hypertension. 2005;45:867–73.

21. Whitescarver SA, et al. Salt-sensitive hypertension: contribution of chloride. Science. March 30, 1984;223(4643):1430–32.

22. Luft FC, et al. Sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride: effects on blood pressure and electrolyte homeostasis in normal and hypertensive man. J Hypertens. July 1990;8(7):663–70.

23. Yokoyama Y, et al. Vegetarian diets and blood pressure. JAMA Internal Medicine, 2014.

24. Haddy FJ, et al. Role of potassium in regulating blood flow and blood pressure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. March 2006;290(3):R546–52.

25. Sudhir K, et al. Reduced dietary potassium reversibly enhances vasopressor response to stress in African Americans. Hypertension. May 1997;29(5):1083–90.

26. Haddy FJ, et al. Role of potassium in regulating blood flow and blood pressure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. March 2006;290(3):R546–52.

27. Neurogenic hypertension: Is the enigma of its origin near the solution? Hypertension. 2004;43:154–55. Orig. pub. online December 15, 2003.

28. Ibid.

29. Eric Lazartigues. Inflammation and neurogenic hypertension: A new role for the circumventricular organs? Editorial. Circulation Research. 2010;107:166–67.

30. Wu KL, Chan SH, Chan JY. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in rostral ventrolateral medulla contribute to neurogenic hypertension induced by systemic inflammation. J Neuroinflammation. September 7, 2012;9(1):212.

31. Bakris G, et al. Atlas vertebra realignment and achievement of arterial pressure goal in hypertensive patients: a pilot study. J Human Hypertens. May 2007;21(5):347–52.

32. Hyperthyroidism. National Institutes of Health: MedlinePlus. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000356.htm. Updated June 7, 2013.

33. Oparil S, Sripairojthikoon W, Wyss JM. The renal afferent nerves in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. August 1987;65(8):1548–58.

34. Nanba K, et al. A subtype prediction score for primary aldosteronism. J Hum Hypertens. Online publication April 3, 2014.

35. Alderman MH, et al. Pressor responses to antihypertensive drug types. Am J Hypertens. September 2010;23(9):1031–37.

36. Furberg CD. Renin-guided treatment of hypertension: time for action. Am J Hypertens. September 2010;23(9):929–30.

37. Ginty AT, et al. Depression and anxiety are associated with a diagnosis of hypertension 5 years later in a cohort of late middle-aged men and women. J Hum Hypertens. March 2013;27(3):187–90.

38. Paz García-Vera M, et al. Differences in emotional personality traits and stress between sustained hypertension and normotension. Hypertension Research. March 2010;33:203–8.

39. Mayo Clinic Staff. High blood pressure (hypertension): Medications and supplements that can raise your blood pressure. Mayo Clinic. May 13, 2013. http://www.Mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/blood-pressure/art-20045245.

40. University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. Drinking alcohol provides no heart health benefit, new study shows. ScienceDaily. July 10, 2014. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/07/140710151947.htm.

41. Mayo Clinic Staff. High blood pressure (hypertension): Medications and supplements that can raise your blood pressure. Mayo Clinic. May 13, 2013. http://www.Mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/blood-pressure/art-20045245.

42. Mayo Clinic Staff. High blood pressure (hypertension): Alternative medicine. Mayo Clinic. April 28, 2014. http://www.Mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/basics/alternative-medicine/con-20019580.

43. Sheps S. High blood pressure (hypertension): Can L-arginine supplements lower blood pressure? Mayo Clinic. April 2, 2014. http://www.Mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/expert-answers/l-arginine/faq-20058052.

44. Rodríguez-Moran M, Guerrero-Romero F. Oral magnesium supplementation improves the metabolic profile of metabolically obese, normal-weight individuals: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Arch Med Res. May 2014; pii: S0188-4409(14)00078-2.

45. Panhwar AH, et al. Distribution of potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sodium levels in biological samples of Pakistani hypertensive patients and control subjects. Clin Lab. 2014;60(3):463–74.

46. Houston M. The role of nutrition and nutraceutical supplements in the treatment of hypertension. World J Cardiol. February 26, 2014;6(2):38–66.

47. Yokoyama Y, et al. Vegetarian diets and blood pressure: A meta analysis. JAMA Intern Med. April 2014;174(4):577–87.

48. Jennings A, et al. Amino Acid Intakes Are Inversely Associated with Arterial Stiffness and Central Blood Pressure in Women. J Nutr. September 2015;145(9):2130–38.

49. Hughes JW, et al. Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction for prehypertension. Psychosomatic Medicine. October 2013;75(8):721–28.

50. Cumming DC, Quigley ME, Yen SS. Acute suppression of circulating testosterone levels by cortisol in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. September 1983;57(3):671–73.

51. Alabdulgader AA. Coherence: A Novel Nonpharmacological Modality for Lowering Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Patients. Global Advances in Health and Medicine. May 2012;1(2):56–64.

52. Opendak M, Gould E. Adult neurogenesis: a substrate for experience-dependent change. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2015.

53. Rosanoff A, Weaver CM, Rude RK. Suboptimal magnesium status in the United States: are the health consequences underestimated? Nutr Rev. 2012, Mar;70(3):153–64.

54. Heath DL, Vink R. Traumatic brain axonal injury in animals produced sustained decline in intracellular free magnesium concentration. Brain Res. 1996;738:150–3.

55. Blaylock RL, Maroon J. Natural plant products and extracts that reduce immunoexcitotoxicity-associated neurodegeneration and promote repair within the central nervous system. Surg Neurol Int. 2012;3:19.

56. Rosanoff A, Weaver CM, Rude RK. Suboptimal magnesium status in the United States: are the health consequences underestimated? Nutr Rev. 2012, Mar;70(3):153–64.

57. Nielsen FH. Effects of magnesium depletion on inflammation in chronic disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2014 Nov;17(6):525–30.

58. He K, et al. Magnesium intake and incidence of metabolic syndrome among young adults. Circulation. 2006;113(13):1675–82.

59. Chandrasekaran NC, et al. Effects of magnesium deficiency—more than skin deep. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). October 2014;239(10):1280–91.

60. Mauskop A, Varughese J. Why all migraine patients should be treated with magnesium. J Neural Transm. May 2012;119(5):575–79.

61. Nielsen FH. Effects of magnesium depletion on inflammation in chronic disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2014 Nov;17(6):525–30.

62. Goldhamer AC, et al. Medically supervised water-only fasting in the treatment of hypertension. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. June 2001;24(5)335–39.

63. Goldhamer AC, et al. Medically supervised water-only fasting in the treatment of borderline hypertension. J Altern Complement Med. October 2002;8(5):643–50.

64. Valderrama AL, et al. Vital signs: Awareness and treatment of uncontrolled hypertension among adults—United States, 2003–2010. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. September 7, 2012;61(35):703–9. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6135a3.htm.

65. Go AS, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;127:e6–e245.

66. Vital signs: Awareness and treatment of uncontrolled hypertension among adults—United States, 2003–2010. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. September 7, 2012;61(35):703–9. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6135a3.htm.

67. Gillum RF, Makuc DM, Feldman JJ. Pulse rate, coronary heart disease, and death: the NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study. Am Heart J. January 1991;121(1 Pt 1):172–77.

68. Gillman MW, et al. Influence of heart rate on mortality among persons with hypertension: The Framingham Study. Am Heart J. April 1993;125(4):1148–54.

69. Fox K, et al. Resting heart rate in cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. August 28, 2007;50(9):823–30.

70. Cooney MT, et al. Elevated resting heart rate is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in healthy men and women. Am Heart J. April 2010;159(4):612–19.

71. Ibid.

72. Hulbert AH. Life and Death: Metabolic Rate, Membrane Composition, and Life Span of Animals. Physiological Reviews. October 2007;87(4):1175–1213. http://physrev.physiology.org/content/87/4/1175.

73. Olshansky, SJ. What Determines Longevity: Metabolic Rate or Stability? July 25, 2009. Discovery Medicine. http://www.discoverymedicine.com/S-J-Olshansky/2009/07/25/what-determines-longevity-metabolic-rate-or-stability/.

74. Aguilaniu H, Durieux J, Dillin A. Metabolism, ubiquinone synthesis, and longevity. May 15, 2014. Genesdev.cshlp.org.

75. Walker TB, Robergs RA. Does Rhodiola rosea possess ergogenic properties? International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 2006;16(3):305.

76. Zhang Z, et al. The effect of Rhodiola capsules on oxygen consumption of myocardium and coronary artery blood flow in dogs. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. February 1998;23(2):104–6, inside back cover. Chinese.

77. Harris WS, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids and coronary heart disease risk: clinical and mechanistic perspectives. Atherosclerosis. March 2008;197(1):12–24.

78. Roffers SD, et al. A somatovisceral reflex of lowered blood pressure and pulse rate after spinal manipulative therapy in the thoracic region. Asian J Multidiscipl Studies. June 2015;3(6).

79. Budgell B, Hirano F. Innocuous mechanical stimulation of the neck and alterations in heart-rate variability in healthy young adults. Auton Neurosci. August 13, 2001;91(1–2):96–99.

80. Morrison RL, Bellack AS. The role of social perception in social skill. Behavior Therapy. January 1981;12(1):69–79.

81. Consoli SM, et al. Differences in emotion processing in patients with essential and secondary hypertension. Am J Hypertens. May 2010;23(5):515–21.

82. Baer PE, et al. Behavioral response to induced conflict in families with a hypertensive father. Hypertension. July-August 1980;2(4 Pt 2):70–77.

Chapter 10:

Everything Is Connected, Everything Matters


1. Pert CB. Molecules of Emotion: The Science Behind Mind-Body Medicine. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster; 1999.

Chapter 11:

It Takes a Village


1. Irimia A, Van Horn JD. Systematic network lesioning reveals the core white matter scaffold of the human brain. Front Hum Neurosci. February 11, 2014;8:51.

2. Getting PA. Emerging principles governing the operation of neural networks. Ann Rev Neurosci. March 1989;12:185–204.

3. Sporns O, et al. Organization, development and function of complex brain networks. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. September 2004;8(9):418–25.

4. Chatonnet F, Flamant F, Morte B. A temporary compendium of thyroid hormone target genes in brain. Biochim Biophys Acta. May 31, 2014.

5. Remaud S, et al. Thyroid hormone signaling and adult neurogenesis in mammals. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). April 28, 2014;5:62.

6. Schroeder AC, Privalsky ML. Thyroid hormones, t3 and t4, in the brain. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). March 31, 2014;5:40.

7. Splendiani A, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lumbar spine with dedicated G-scan machine in the upright position: a retrospective study and our experience in 10 years with 4305 patients. Radiol Med. July 28, 2015. (Epub ahead of print.) PubMed PMID: 26215713.

8. Ibid.

9. Knudsen N, et al. Small differences in thyroid function may be important for body mass index and the occurrence of obesity in the population. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. July 1, 2005;90(7):4019–24.

10. Moulin de Moraes CM, et al. Prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in a morbidly obese population and improvement after weight loss induced by Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2005 Oct;15(9):1287–91.

Chapter 12:

That Little Gland Does What?


1. Walter, KN, et al. Elevated thyroid stimulating hormone is associated with elevated cortisol in healthy young men and women. Thyroid Research. October 30, 2012;5(1):13.

2. Karthick N, et al. Dyslipidaemic changes in women with subclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Diagn Res. October 2013;7(10):2122–25.

3. Ibid.

4. Moseley KF. Type 2 diabetes and bone fractures. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. April 2012;19(2):128–35.

5. Van den Beld AW, et al. Thyroid hormone concentrations, disease, physical function, and mortality in elderly men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. December 2005;90(12):6403–9.

6. Holtorf K. Thyroid Hormone Transport into Cellular Tissue. Journal of Restorative Medicine. April 2014;3(4):53–68.

7. Van den Beld AW, et al. Thyroid hormone concentrations, disease, physical function, and mortality in elderly men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. December 2005;90(12):6403–9.

8. Fraser WD, et al. Are biochemical tests of thyroid function of any value in monitoring patients receiving thyroxine replacement? BMJ. 1986;293:808–10.

9. Bochukova E, et al. A mutation in the thyroid hormone receptor alpha gene. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:243–49.

10. Alevizaki M, et al. TSH may not be a good marker for adequate thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2005;117(18):636–40.

11. Holtorf K. Thyroid Hormone Transport into Cellular Tissue. Journal of Restorative Medicine. April 2014;3(4):53–68.1.

12. Ibid.

13.Van den Beld AW, et al. Thyroid hormone concentrations, disease, physical function, and mortality in elderly men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. December 2005;90(12):6403–9.

14. Fraser WD, et al. Are biochemical tests of thyroid function of any value in monitoring patients receiving thyroxine replacement? BMJ. 1986;293:808–10.

15. Escobar-Morreale HF, et al. Replacement therapy for hypothyroidism with thyroxine alone does not ensure euthyroidism in all tissues, as studied in thyroidectomized rats. J Clin Invest. 1995;96(6):2828–38.

16. Engbring N, Engstrom W. Effects of estrogen and testosterone on circulating thyroid hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. July 1, 1959;19(7):783–96.

17. Wilber JF, Utiger RD. The effect of glucocorticoids on thyrotropin secretion. J Clin Invest. November 1969;48(11):2096–2103.

18. Blackwell J. Evaluation and treatment of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. October 2004;16(10):422–25.

19. Maruo T, et al. A role for thyroid hormone in the induction of ovulation and corpus luteum function. Horm Res. 1992;37(Suppl 1):12–18.

20. De Lean A, et al. Modulation of pituitary thyrotropin releasing hormone receptor levels by estrogens and thyroid hormones. Endocrinology. June 1, 1977;100(6).

Chapter 13:

Problems with Smoothies?


1. Ledesma L, et al. Monounsaturated fatty acid (avocado) rich diet for mild hypercholesterolemia. Arch-Med-Res. Winter 1996;27(4): 519–23.

2. Wang L, et al. Effect of a Moderate Fat Diet With and Without Avocados on Lipoprotein Particle Number, Size and Subclasses in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4(1):e001355.

Chapter 14:

Are Your Symptoms Really Consequences?


1. Clementson CE, et al. Inflammation is detrimental for neurogenesis in adult brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. November 11, 2003;100(23):13632-13637.

2. Cohen IR, et al., eds. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. New York, NY: Springer Science + Business Media; 1976: 517–27.

3. Lopez-Ramirez MA, Wu D, Pryce G, et al. MicroRNA-155 negatively affects blood-brain barrier function during neuroinflammation. FASEB J. June 2014;28(6):2551–65.

4. Destefano M. Ego city: Cities are organized like human brains. ScienceDaily. September 19, 2009. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090903163945.htm.

Chapter 15:

Seeds of Health


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2. Meerman EE, Verkuil B, Brosschot JF. Decreasing pain tolerance outside of awareness. J Psychosom Res. March 2001;70(3):250–57.

3. McDougall JJ. Arthritis and pain. Neurogenic origin of joint pain. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8(6):220.

4. Walton KD, Dubois M, Linas RR. Abnormal thalamocortical activity in patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type I. Pain. July 2010;150(1):41–51.

5. Schulze J, Troeger C. Increased sympathetic activity assessed by special analysis of heart rate variability in patients with CRPS I. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir. February 2010;42(1):44–48.

6. Montalto M, et al. Fructose, trehalose and sorbitol malabsorption. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013;17 Suppl 2:26–29.

7. Elphick HL, Elphick DA, Sanders DS. Small bowel bacterial overgrowth. An underrecognized cause of malnutrition in older adults. Geriatrics. September 2006;61(9):21–26.

8. Dukowicz AC, Lacy BE, Levine GM. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a comprehensive review. Gastroenterology Hepatol (NY). February 2007;3(2):112–22.

9. Gabrielli M, et al. Prevalence of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth in Parkinson’s Disease. Mov. Disord. 2011;26:889–92.

10. Biesiekierski JR, et al. No Effects of Gluten in Patients With Self-Reported Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity After Dietary Reduction of Fermentable, Poorly Absorbed, Short-Chain Carbohydrates. Gastroenterology. 2013;145:320–28.

11. Halmos EP, et al. A Diet Low in FODMAPs Reduces Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Gastroenterology. 146(1):67–75.e5.

12. Staudacher, HM, et al. Comparison of symptom response following advice for a diet low in fermentable carbohydrates (FODMAPs) versus standard dietary advice in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 2011;24:487–495.

13. Stefka AT, et al. Commensal bacteria protect against food allergen sensitization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. September 9, 2014;111(36):13145–50. (Published online August 25, 2014.)

14. Kostic, AD, et al. The Dynamics of the Human Infant Gut Microbiome in Development and in Progression toward Type 1 Diabetes. Cell Host & Microbe. February 11, 2015;17(2):260–73.

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid.

17. Qiao Y, et al. Effects of resveratrol on gut microbiota and fat storage in a mouse model with high-fat-induced obesity. Food Funct. June 28, 2014;5(6):1241–49.

18. Schnabl B, Brenner DA. Interactions between the intestinal microbiome and liver diseases. Gastroenterology. May 2014;146(6):1513–24.

19. Eaton K, et al. Abnormal gut fermentation: Laboratory studies reveal deficiency of B vitamins, zinc, and magnesium. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. November 1993;4(11):635–38.

20. Henao-Mejia J, Elinav E, Jin C. Inflammasome-mediated dysbiosis regulates progression of NAFLD and obesity. Nature. February 9, 2012;482:179–85.

21. Amar J, et al. Intestinal mucosal adherence and translocation of commensal bacteria at the early onset of type 2 diabetes: Molecular mechanisms and probiotic treatment. EMBO Mol Med. September 2011;3(9):559–72.

22. Iannitti T, Palmieri B. Therapeutical use of probiotic formulations in clinical practice. Clinical Nutrition. December 2010;29(6):701–25.

23. Brewer GJ. Copper excess, zinc deficiency, and cognition loss in Alzheimer’s disease. Biofactors. 2012;38:107–13.

24. Watt NT, Whitehouse IJ, Hooper NM. The role of zinc in Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Alzheimer’s Dis. 2011;2011:971021.

25. Moon C, et al. Vertically transmitted faecal IgA levels determine extra-chromosomal phenotypic variation. Nature. 2015.

26. Ryan KK, et al. FXR is a molecular target for the effects of vertical sleeve gastrectomy. Nature. May 8, 2014;509:183–88.

27. Zeevi D, et al. Personalized Nutrition by Prediction of Glycemic Responses. Cell. 163(5):1079–94.

28. Grundy SM. Pre-diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. February 14, 2012;59(7):635–43. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.08.080. Review.

29. Ibid.

30. Stanford University. Low FODMAP Diet. http://fodmapliving.com/the-science/stanford-university-low-fodmap-diet/.

Chapter 16:

Wolves and the Big Picture


1. Abel R. The Eye Care Revolution: Prevent and Reverse Common Vision Problems. New York, NY: Kensington Books; 2004.

2. Liu Y, et al. Liver-directed neonatal gene therapy prevents cardiac, bone, ear, and eye disease in mucopolysaccharidosis I mice. Mol Ther. 2006;11:35–47.

3. O’Neill DP. The eye and liver disorders. Eye. 1992;6(4):366–70.

4. Müller A, Rehm WF, Vuilleumier JP. Studies on the vitamin A level in the liver and serum of cattle in their relationship to the photography of the fundus of the eye. Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin. August 1970;17(7):652–62.

5. Mehling WE, Krause N. Are difficulties perceiving and expressing emotions associated with low-back pain? The relationship between lack of emotional awareness (alexithymia) and 12-month prevalence of low-back pain in 1180 urban public transit operators. J Psychosom Res. January 2005;58(1):73–81.

6. Esteves JE, et al. Emotional processing and its relationship to chronic low back pain: results from a case-control study. Man Ther. December 2013;18(6):541–46.

7. Carson JW, et al. Conflict about expressing emotions and chronic low back pain: associations with pain and anger. J Pain. May 2007;8(5):405–11.

8. Middleton P, Pollard H. Are chronic low back pain outcomes improved with co-management of concurrent depression? Chiropr Osteopat. June 22, 2005;13(1):8.

9. Moore JE. Chronic low back pain and psychosocial issues. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. November 2010;21(4):801–15.

10. Schofferman J, et al. Childhood psychological trauma correlates with unsuccessful lumbar spine surgery. Spine (Philadelphia, PA 1976). June 1992;17(6 Suppl):S138–44.

11. Klinghardt D. Lehrbuch der Psycho-Kinesiologie. Institut Für Neurobiologie. 12. Aufl., Juni 2013.

12. Schofferman J, et al. Childhood psychological trauma and chronic refractory low-back pain. Clin J Pain. December 1993;9(4):260–65.

13. Tzanoulinou S, et al. Long-Term Behavioral Programming Induced by Peripuberty Stress in Rats Is Accompanied by GABAergic-Related Alterations in the Amygdala. Schmidt MV, ed. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(4):e94666.

14. Marquez C, et al. Peripuberty stress leads to abnormal aggression, altered amygdala and orbitofrontal reactivity and increased prefrontal MAOA gene expression. Transl Psychiatry. 2013;3:e216.

15. Menga G, et al. Fibromyalgia: Can Online Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Help? Ochsner Journal. 2014;14(3):343–49.

16. Ibid.

17. Van Ballegooijen W, et al. Adherence to Internet-Based and Face-to-Face Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Depression: A Meta-Analysis. García AV, ed. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(7):e100674.

18. Van Beugen S, et al. Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Patients With Chronic Somatic Conditions: A Meta-Analytic Review. Eysenbach G, ed. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2014;16(3):e88.

19. Lowes R. Specialist office visits outpaced primary care in 2013. Medscape. May 7, 2014. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/824733.

20. A wolf’s role in the ecosystem—the trophic cascade. Mission: Wolf. http://www.missionwolf.org/page/trophic-cascade/.

21. Ripple, WJ, Beschta RL. Trophic cascades in Yellowstone: The first 15 years after wolf reintroduction. Biol. Conserv. January 2012;145(1):205–13.

22. Monbiot G. For more wonder, rewild the world. Talk presented at TED Global 2013. June 2013, Edinburgh, Scotland. http://www.ted.com/talks/george_monbiot_for_more_wonder_rewild_the_world.

23. Oregon State University News Research and Communications. Of bears and berries: Return of wolves aids grizzly bears in Yellowstone. Oregon State University. July 29, 2013. http://oregonstate.edu/ua/ncs/archives/2013/jul/bears-and-berries-return-wolves-aids-grizzly-bears-yellowstone.

Chapter 18:

How to Make the Weight Slide Right Off


1. Corinna Noel, Robin Dando. The effect of emotional state on taste perception. Appetite. 2015.

Chapter 19:

A Sick Dog’s Weight-Loss Lessons


1. Allison DB, et al. Annual deaths attributable to obesity in the United States. JAMA. 1999;282:1530–38.

2. Chuang YF, et al. Midlife adiposity predicts earlier onset of Alzheimer's dementia, neuropathology and presymptomatic cerebral amyloidaccumulation. Mol Psychiatry. 2015 Sep 1. doi: 10.1038/mp.2015.129. (Epub ahead of print.) PubMed PMID: 26324099.

3. Ekelund U, et al. Physical activity and all-cause mortality across levels of overall and abdominal adiposity in European men and women: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study (EPIC). Am J Clin Nutr. January 14, 2015.

4. Ng M, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. May 28, 2014. pii: S0140-6736(14)60460-8.

5. Ford ES, Maynard LM, Li C. Trends in Mean Waist Circumference and Abdominal Obesity Among US Adults, 1999–2012. JAMA. 2014;312(11):1151–53.

6. Rawlings AM, et al. Diabetes in midlife and cognitive change over 20 years: A cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161:785–93).

7. Type 2 Diabetes May Shrink the Brain. WebMD: Diabetes Health Center. http://www.webmd.com/diabetes/news/20140429/type-2-diabetes-May-shrink-the-brain-study-suggests?src=RSS_PUBLIC.

8. Gregg EW, et al. Trends in lifetime risk and years of life lost due to diabetes in the USA, 1985–2011: A modelling study. Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. August 13, 2014.

9. Kolata G. Looking Past Blood Sugar to Survive With Diabetes. August 20, 2007. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/20/health/20diabetes.html?adxnnlx=1411225707-s8oNCsEcM0KAbxxleIdfog&pagewanted=all.

10. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss, in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet. November 14, 2009;374(9702):1677–86.

11. Basu S, et al. The relationship of sugar to population-level diabetes prevalence: an econometric analysis of repeated cross-sectional data. PLoS One. 2013;8:e57873.

12. Malhotra A, Noakes T, Phinney S. It is time to bust the myth of physical inactivity and obesity: you cannot outrun a bad diet. Br J Sports Med. April 22, 2015. pii: bjsports-2015-094911.

13. Feinman RD, et al. Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: Critical review and evidence base. Nutrition. January 2015;31(1):1–13.

14. St-Onge M, Janssen I, Heymsfield SB. Metabolic Syndrome in Normal-Weight Americans: New definition of the metabolically obese, normal-weight individual. Diabetes Care. September 2004;27(9):2222–28.

15. Weiss R, Bremer AA, Lustig RH. What is metabolic syndrome, and why are children getting it? Ann NY Acad Sci. April 2013;1281:123–40. Epub Jan 28, 2013. Review.

16. American Psychological Association. Stress in America: Paying With Our Health. February 4, 2015. http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2014/stress-report.pdf.

17. Elia M. Organ and tissue contribution to metabolic weight. In: Kinney JM, Tucker HN, eds. Energy Metabolism: Tissue Determinants and Cellular Corollaries. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1992: 61–79.

18. Suez J, et al. Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota. Nature. September 2014; 514(7521):181–86.

19. Fowler SPG, Williams K, Hazuda HP. Diet Soda Intake Is Associated with Long-Term Increases in Waist Circumference in a Biethnic Cohort of Older Adults. The San Antonio Longitudinal Study of Aging. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. March 17, 2015.

20. Padayatty SJ, et al. Human adrenal glands secrete vitamin C in response to adrenocorticotrophic hormone. Am J Clin Nutr. July 2007;86(1):145–49.

21. Onge MP, et al. Sleep restriction leads to increased activation of brain regions sensitive to food stimuli. Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY. Am J Clin Nutr. April 2012;95(4):818–24.

Chapter 20:

Obesity and Inflammation: A Terrible Twosome


1. Simpson ER, Brown KA. Obesity and breast cancer: a tale of inflammation and dysregulated metabolism. Mol Endocrinol. May 2013;27(5):715–25.
Review.

2. Kappelman MFD, et al. The prevalence and geographic distribution of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis in the United States. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5:1424–29.

3. Wilcox CS, et al. Repeated mixing and isolation: measuring chronic, intermittent stress in Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci, Nov 2013;96(11):7223–33.

4. Allen LV, Jr. Adrenal fatigue. Int J Pharm Compd. Jan–Feb 2013;17(1):39–44.

5. Munsterhjelm K, et al. Physicians defend Scandlab: Salivary cortisol test can determine adrenal fatigue. Lakartidningen. May 25–31, 2011;108(21):1196–97; discussion 1197–98. Swedish.

6. Nippoldt T. Mayo Clinic office visit. Adrenal fatigue. An interview with Todd Nippoldt, M.D. Mayo Clin Womens Healthsource. March 2010;14(3):6.

7. Tome ME, McNabb FM, Gwazdauskas FC. Adrenal responses to chronic and acute water stress in Japanese quail Coturnix japonica. Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol. 1985;81(1):171–79.

8. Moss HB, et al. Salivary cortisol responses in prepubertal boys: The effects of parental substance abuse and association with drug use behavior during adolescence. Biol Psychiatry. May 15, 1999;45(10):1293–99.

9. Nieman LK. Screening for reversible osteoporosis: Is cortisol a culprit? Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(8):582–84.

10. Lupien SJ, et al. Cortisol levels during human aging predict hippocampal atrophy and memory deficits. Nature Neuroscience 1.1 (1998): 69–73.

11. Randall M. The Physiology of Stress: Cortisol and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis. Dartmouth University. February 3, 2011. http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/fall-2010/the-physiology-of-stress-cortisol-and-the-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis#.U5POyij5cuA.

12. Chrousos GP. Stress and disorders of the stress system. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. July 2009;5:374–81.

13. Lupien SJ, et al. Cortisol levels during human aging predict hippocampal atrophy and memory deficits. Nature Neuroscience 1.1 (1998): 69–73.

14. Randall M. The Physiology of Stress: Cortisol and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis. Dartmouth University. February 3, 2011. http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/fall-2010/the-physiology-of-stress-cortisol-and-the-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis#.U5POyij5cuA.

15. Chrousos GP. Stress and disorders of the stress system. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. July 2009;5:374–81.

16. Vauthier V, et al. Endospanin 1 silencing in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus contributes to sustained weight loss of high fat diet obese mice. Gene Ther. July 2014;21(7):638–44.

17. Andrews R, Walker B. Glucocorticoids and insulin resistance: old hormones, new targets. Clinical Science. 1999;96(6):513–23.

18. Chen K, et al. Induction of leptin resistance through direct interaction of C-reactive protein with leptin. Nature Medicine. April 2006;12(4):425–32.

19. Carney DR, Cuddy AJ, Yap AJ. Power posing: Brief nonverbal displays affect neuroendocrine levels and risk tolerance. Psychological Science. 2010;21(10):1363–68.

20. Ibid.

21. Peper E, Lin, IM. Increase or decrease depression: How body postures influence your energy level. Biofeedback. 2012;40(3):126–30.

22. Cuddy A. Boost Power Through Body Language. HBR Blog Network. Harvard Business Review. April 6, 2011.

23. Youm Y-H, et al. The ketone metabolite β-hydroxybutyrate blocks NLRP3 inflammasome–mediated inflammatory disease. Nature Medicine, 2015;21(3):263–69.

24. Boyd DB. Insulin and cancer. Integr Cancer Ther. December 2003;2(4):315–29.

25. Ibid.

26. Björntorp P. Metabolic implications of body fat distribution. Diabetes Care. December 1991;14(12):1132–43.

Chapter 21:

Your Hormones and Stress


1. Selye H. The Story of the Adaptation Syndrome. Montreal, Quebec: ACTA Inc.; 1952.

2. Selye H. The Stress of Life. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1956.

3. Selye H. Stress without distress. Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott Co.; 1974.

4. Selye H. Relation of the adrenal cortex to arthritis. Lancet. June 22, 1946;247(6408):942.

5. Selye H. The Stress of Life. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1956.

6. Selye H. Stress without distress. Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott Co.; 1974.

7. Selye H. The Stress of Life. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1956.

8. Selye H. Stress without distress. Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott Co.; 1974.

9. Selye H. Relation of the adrenal cortex to arthritis. Lancet. June 22, 1946;247(6408):942.

10. Selye H. Factors influencing the production of cardiovascular diseases by anterior pituitary and corticoid hormones. Endocrinology. 1946;39:71.

11. Selye H. The Physiology and Pathology of Exposure to Stress: A Treatise Based on the Concepts of the General-Adaptation-Syndrome and the Diseases of Adaptation. Montreal, Quebec: ACTA Inc.; 1950.

12. Selye H. Factors influencing the production of cardiovascular diseases by anterior pituitary and corticoid hormones. Endocrinology. 1946;39:71.

13. Giltay EJ, et al. Dispositional optimism and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a prospective cohort of elderly Dutch men and women. Arch Gen Psychiatry. November 2004;61(11):1126–35.

14. Gallacher D, Gallacher J. Are relationships good for your health? Student BMJ. January 2011;19:d404.

15. King KB, Reis HT. Marriage and long-term survival after coronary artery bypass grafting. Health Psychol. January 2012;31(1):55–62.

16. Oliver KN, et al. Stigma and optimism in adolescents and young adults with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. May 1, 2014. pii: S1569-1993(14)00092-7.

17. Popa-Velea O, Purcarea VL. Psychological factors mediating health-related quality of life in COPD. J Med Life. March 15, 2014;7(1):100–3.

18. Erlik Y, Meldrum DR, Judd HL. Estrogen levels in postmenopausal women with hot flashes. Obstetrics & Gynecology. April 1982;59(4):403–538.

19. Woods NF, et al. Increased urinary cortisol levels during the menopausal transition. Menopause. March–April 2006;13(2):212–21.

20. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: FAO Soils Bulletin 17: Trace Elements in Soil and Agriculture. 1972.

21. Thomas D. The mineral depletion of foods available to us as a nation (1940–2002)—a review of the 6th Edition of McCance and Widdowson. Nutr Health. 2007;19(1-2):21–55.

22. Tan ZX, Lal R, Wiebe KD. Global soil nutrient depletion and yield reduction. J Sustain Agr. 2005;26(1):123–46.

23. Pacifico D, et al. NMR-based metabolomics for organic farming traceability of early potatoes. J Agric Food Chem. November 20, 2013;61(46):11201–11.

24. Gordon B. Manganese nutrition of glyphosate-resistant and conventional soybeans. Better Crops. 2007;91(4):12–13.

25. Hunter D, et al. Evaluation of the micronutrient composition of plant foods produced by organic and conventional agricultural methods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. July 2011;51(6):571–82. Review.

26. Györéné KG, Varga A, Lugasi A. A comparison of chemical composition and nutritional value of organically and conventionally grown plant derived foods. Orv Hetil. October 29, 2006;147(43):2081–90. Review.

27. Mahan DC, Peters JC. Long-term effects of dietary organic and inorganic selenium sources and levels on reproducing sows and their progeny. J Anim Sci. May 2004;82(5):1343–58.

28. Gordon B. Manganese nutrition of glyphosate-resistant and conventional soybeans. Better Crops. 2007;91(4):12–13.

29. Hunter D, et al. Evaluation of the micronutrient composition of plant foods produced by organic and conventional agricultural methods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. July 2011;51(6):571–82. Review.

30. Györéné KG, Varga A, Lugasi A. A comparison of chemical composition and nutritional value of organically and conventionally grown plant derived foods. Orv Hetil. October 29, 2006;147(43):2081–90. Review.

31. Akbaba U, Sahin Y, Türkez H. Element content analysis by WDXRF in pistachios grown under organic and conventional farming regimes for human nutrition and health. Toxicol Ind Health. October 2012;28(9):783–38.

32. Vanzo A, et al. Metabolomic profiling and sensorial quality of “Golden Delicious,” “Liberty,” “Santana,” and “Topaz” apples grown using organic and integrated production systems. J Agric Food Chem. July 3, 2013;61(26):6580–87.

33. Nitika, Punia D, Khetarpaul N. Physico-chemical characteristics, nutrient composition and consumer acceptability of wheat varieties grown under organic and inorganic farming conditions. Int J Food Sci Nutr. May 2008;59(3):224–45.

34. Gordon B. Manganese nutrition of glyphosate-resistant and conventional soybeans. Better Crops. 2007;91(4):12–13.

35. Hunter D, et al. Review: Evaluation of the micronutrient composition of plant foods produced by organic and conventional agricultural methods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. July 2011;51(6):571–82.

36. Györéné KG, Varga A, Lugasi A. A comparison of chemical composition and nutritional value of organically and conventionally grown plant derived foods. Orv Hetil. October 29, 2006;147(43):2081–90. Review.

37. Akbaba U, Sahin Y, Türkez H. Element content analysis by WDXRF in pistachios grown under organic and conventional farming regimes for human nutrition and health. Toxicol Ind Health. October 2012;28(9):783–88.

38. Vanzo A, et al. Metabolomic profiling and sensorial quality of “Golden Delicious,” “Liberty,” “Santana,” and “Topaz” apples grown using organic and integrated production systems. J Agric Food Chem. July 3, 2013;61(26):6580–87.

39. Chensheng Lu, et al. Organic diets significantly lower children’s dietary exposure to organophosphorus pesticides. Environ Health Perspect. Feb 2006;114(2):260–63.

40. Repetto R, Baliga SS. Pesticides and the Immune System: The Public Health Risks. Executive summary. Cent Eur J Public Health. December 1996;4(4):263–65.

41. Obayashi Y, et al. Interdisciplinary Studies on Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 2: Environmental Research in Asia for Establishing a Scientist’s Network. Tokyo: Terrapub; 2009: 211–17.

42. Colborn T, vom Saal FS, Soto AM. Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1993;101(5):378–84.

43. Bretveld RW, et al. Pesticide exposure: The hormonal function of the female reproductive system disrupted? Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 2006;4:30.

44. Eskenazi B, et al. Prenatal exposure to pesticides can lead to problems with brain development in children. Pesticide toxicity and the developing brain. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. February 2008;102(2):228–36.

45. Furlong CE, et al. Children have higher cumulative rates of pesticides in their bodies. Newborns and children have a greater risk from pesticide exposure than adults. PON1 status of farmworker mothers and children as a predictor of organophosphate sensitivity. Pharmacogenet Genomics. March 2006;16(3):183–90.

46. Landrigan PJ, et al. Pesticides and inner-city children: Exposures, risks, and prevention. Environmental Health Perspectives 1999;107(Suppl 3):431–37.

47. Garry V, et al. Pesticide appliers, biocides, and birth defects in rural Minnesota. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1996;104(4):394–99.

48. Salam MT, et al. Early life environmental risk factors for asthma: Findings from the children’s health study. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003;112(6):760.

49. Hernández AF, Parrón T, and Alarcón R. Pesticides and asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;11(2):90 –6.

50. Rui L, Haoru Z, Yining L. Anti-tumor effect and protective effect on chemotherapeutic damage of water-soluble extracts from Hedyotis diffusa. Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2002;11(2):54–57.

51. Xiaoming L, et al. Effect of Yin Er, Fu Ling and Jiao Gu Lan on the immunological and free radical-clearing functions in mice. Journal of Beijing Medical University. 1995;27(6):455–57,473.

52. Klein A, et al. Pathway-focused bioassays and transcriptome analysis contribute to a better activity monitoring of complex herbal remedies. BMC Genomics. February 27, 2013;14:133.

53. Liying L, et al. Clinical observation on treating 40 cases of malignant ascites with intraperitoneal perfusion of Bai Hua She She Cao. Modern Tumour Medicine. 2004;12(2):147.

54. Xiaoming L, et al. Immune function restoring function and free radical clearing function of Jiao Gu Lan saponin and its compound in aged mice. Journal of Chinese Gerontics. 1998;18(12):364–65.

55. Pacifico D, et al. NMR-based metabolomics for organic farming traceability of early potatoes. J Agric Food Chem. November 20, 2013;61(46):11201–11.

56. Gordon B. Manganese nutrition of glyphosate-resistant and conventional soybeans. Better Crops. 2007;91(4):12–13.

57. Hunter D, et al. Evaluation of the micronutrient composition of plant foods produced by organic and conventional agricultural methods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. July 2011;51(6):571–82. Review.

58. Akbaba U, Sahin Y, Türkez H. Element content analysis by WDXRF in pistachios grown under organic and conventional farming regimes for human nutrition and health. Toxicol Ind Health. October 2012;28(9):783–88.

59. Vanzo A, et al. Metabolomic profiling and sensorial quality of “Golden Delicious,” “Liberty,” “Santana,” and “Topaz” apples grown using organic and integrated production systems. J Agric Food Chem. July 3, 2013;61(26):6580–87.

60. Nitika PD, Khetarpaul N. Physico-chemical characteristics, nutrient composition and consumer acceptability of wheat varieties grown under organic and inorganic farming conditions. Int J Food Sci Nutr. May 2008;59(3):224–45.

61. Vallverdú-Queralt A, et al. A metabolomic approach differentiates between conventional and organic ketchups. J Agric Food Chem. November 9, 2011;59(21):11703–10.

62. Ruiz-Aracama A, et al. Application of an untargeted metabolomics approach for the identification of compounds that may be responsible for observed differential effects in chickens fed an organic and a conventional diet. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2012;29(3):323–32.

63. Kazimierczak R, et al. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) and naturally fermented beetroot juices from organic and conventional production: Metabolomics, antioxidant levels and anticancer activity. J Sci Food Agric. May 2, 2014.

64. Asami DK, et al. Comparison of the total phenolic and ascorbic acid content of freeze-dried and air-dried marionberry, strawberry, and corn grown using conventional, organic, and sustainable agricultural practices. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51(5):1237–41.

65. Vrcek IV, et al. A comparison of the nutritional value and food safety of organically and conventionally produced wheat flours. Food Chem. January 15, 2014;143:522–29.

66. Park YS, et al. Nutritional and pharmaceutical properties of bioactive compounds in organic and conventional growing kiwifruit. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. March 2013;68(1):57–64.

67. Palupi E, et al. Comparison of nutritional quality between conventional and organic dairy products: a meta-analysis. J Sci Food Agric. November 2012;92(14):2774–81. Review.

68. Hallmann E. The influence of organic and conventional cultivation systems on the nutritional value and content of bioactive compounds in selected tomato types. J Sci Food Agric. November 2012;92(14):2840–48.

69. Crinnion WJ. Organic foods contain higher levels of certain nutrients, lower levels of pesticides, and may provide health benefits for the consumer. Altern Med Rev. April 2010;15(1):4–12. Review.

Chapter 22:

Mirror, Mirror


1. Abravanel ED. Dr. Abravanel’s Body Type Diet and Lifetime Nutrition Plan. New York, NY: Bantam; 1999.

2. Cabot S, Cooper D, Burani JC. The Body-Shaping Diet. New York, NY: Warner Books; 1995.

3. Falchi M, et al. Low copy number of the salivary amylase gene predisposes to obesity. Nat Genet. May 2014;46(5):492–97.

4. Müller MJ, Bosy-Westphal A, Heymsfield SB. Is there evidence for a set point that regulates human body weight? F1000 Med Rep. August 9, 2010;2:59. doi:10.3410/M2-59.

5. Keesey RE, Corbett SW. Metabolic defense of the body weight set-point. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis. 1984;62:87–96.

6. Pasquet P, Apfelbaum M. Recovery of initial body weight and composition after long-term massive overfeeding in men. Am J Clin Nutr. December 1994;60(6):861–63.

7. Speakman JR, et al. Set points, settling points and some alternative models: theoretical options to understand how genes and environments combine to regulate body adiposity. Dis Model Mech. November 2011;4(6):733–45.

8. Müller MJ, Bosy-Westphal A, Heymsfield SB. Is there evidence for a set point that regulates human body weight? F1000 Med Rep. August 9, 2010;2:59. doi: 10.3410/M2-59.

9. Keesey RE, Corbett SW. Metabolic defense of the body weight set-point. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis. 1984;62:87–96.

10. Pasquet P, Apfelbaum M. Recovery of initial body weight and composition after long-term massive overfeeding in men. Am J Clin Nutr. December 1994;60(6):861–63.

11. Keesey RE, Corbett SW. Metabolic defense of the body weight set-point. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis. 1984;62:87–96.

12. Brownell KD, et al. The effects of repeated cycles of weight loss and regain in rats. Physiol Behav. 1986;38(4):459–64.

13. Lim C-F, et al. Transport of thyroxine into cultured hepatocytes: effects of mild nonthyroidal illness and calorie restriction in obese subjects. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1994;40:79–85.

14. Croxson MS, Ibbertson HK. Low serum triiodothyronine (T3) and hypothyroidism in anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endorinol Metab. 1977;44:167–74.

15. Manore MM, et al. Energy expenditure at rest and during exercise in nonobese female cyclical dieters and in nondieting control subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54:41–46.

16. Lim C-F, et al. A furan fatty acid and indoxyl sulfate are the putative inhibitors of thyroxine hepatocyte transport in uremia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;76:318–24.

17. Lim C-F, et al. Inhibition of thyroxine transport into cultured rat hepatocytes by serum of non-uremic critically ill patients: effects of bilirubin and nonesterified fatty acids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;76:1165–72.

18. Brehm A, et al. Increased lipid availability impairs insulin-stimulated ATP synthesis in human skeletal muscle. Diabetes. 2006;55:136–40.

19. Tremblay A. Dietary fat and body weight set point. Nutr Rev. July 2004;62(7 Pt 2):S75–7. Review.

20. Cabanac M, Frankham P. Evidence that transient nicotine lowers the body weight set point. Physiol Behav. August 2002;76(4–5):539–42.

21. de Castro JM, Paullin SK, DeLugas GM. Insulin and glucagon as determinants of body weight set point and microregulation in rats. J Comp Physiol Psychol. June 1978;92(3):571–79.

22. Chaput JP, Tremblay A. The glucostatic theory of appetite control and the risk of obesity and diabetes. Int J Obes (Lond). January 2009;33(1):46–53. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2008.221.

23. Tappy L, Binnert C, Schneiter P. Energy expenditure, physical activity and body-weight control. Proc Nutr Soc. August 2003;62(3):663–66.

24. Meckling KA, Sherfey R. A randomized trial of a hypocaloric high-protein diet, with and without exercise, on weight loss, fitness, and markers of the Metabolic Syndrome in overweight and obese women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. August 2007;32(4):743–52.

25. Ibid.

26. Brehm BJ, D’Alessio DA. Benefits of high-protein weight loss diets: enough evidence for practice? Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. October 2008;15(5):416–21.

27. Stiegler P, Cunliffe A. The role of diet and exercise for the maintenance of fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate during weight loss. Sports Med. 2006;36(3):239–62.

28. Peters JC. Dietary fat and body weight control. Lipids. February 2003;38(2):123–27.

29. Gosselin C, Cabanac M. Adrenalectomy lowers the body weight set-point in rats. Physiol Behav. September 1997;62(3):519–23.

30. Farvid MS, et al. Association of adiponectin and resistin with adipose tissue compartments, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. July 2005;7(4):406–13.

31. Ross R, et al. Adipose tissue volume measured by magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography in rats. J Appl Physiol. May 1, 1991;70:2164–72.

32. Urbanchek MG, et al. Specific force deficit in skeletal muscles of old rats is partially explained by the existence of denervated muscle fibers. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. May 1, 2001;56(5):B191–B197.

33. Elia M. Organ and tissue contribution to metabolic weight. In: Kinney JM, Tucker HN, eds. Energy Metabolism: Tissue Determinants and Cellular Corollaries. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1999: 61–79.

34. Donnelly JE, et al. Is resistance training effective for weight management? Evidence-Based Preventive Medicine. 2003;1(1):21–29.

35. Srikanthan P, Hevener AL, Karlamangla AS. Sarcopenia exacerbates obesity-associated insulin resistance and dysglycemia: findings from the national health and nutrition examination survey III. PLoS One. May 26, 2010;5(5):e10805.

36. Rhéaume C, et al. Contributions of cardiorespiratory fitness and visceral adiposity to six-year changes in cardiometabolic risk markers in apparently healthy men and women. May 1, 2011;96(5):1462–68.

37. Hutchison SK, et al. Effects of exercise on insulin resistance and body composition in overweight and obese women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, January 1, 2011;96(1):E48–E56.

38. Srikanthan P, Karlamangla AS. Relative muscle mass is inversely associated with insulin resistance and prediabetes. Findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. September 2011;96(9)2898–903.

39. Evans WJ, Campbell WW. Sarcopenia and age-related changes in body composition and functional capacity. J Nutr. February 1993;123(2 Suppl):465–68.

40. Morley JE. Anorexia, sarcopenia, and aging. Nutr. July–August 2001;17(7–8):660–63.

41. Ford ES, Maynard LM, Li C. Trends in mean waist circumference and abdominal obesity among US adults, 1999–2012. JAMA. 2014;312(11):1151–53.

42. Briggs DI, et al. Calorie-restricted weight loss reverses high-fat diet-induced ghrelin resistance, which contributes to rebound weight gain in a ghrelin-dependent manner. Endocrinology. February 2013;154(2):709–17.

43. Lustig RH. The neuroendocrinology of obesity. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. September 2001;30(3):765–85.

44. McNay DE, Speakman JR. High fat diet causes rebound weight gain. Mol Metab. November 2012;2(2):103–108.

Chapter 23:

Secrets to Weight Loss?


1. Hill AJ. Does dieting make you fat? British Journal of Nutrition. August 2004;92(S1):S15–S18.

2. Ibid.

3. Elia M. Organ and tissue contribution to metabolic weight. In: Kinney JM, Tucker HN, eds. Energy Metabolism: Tissue Determinants and Cellular Corollaries. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1992: 61–79.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. Levine JA, et al. Interindividual variation in posture allocation: possible role in human obesity. Science. January 2005;307(5709):584–86.

7. Ibid.

8. Hill AJ. Does dieting make you fat? British Journal of Nutrition. August 2004;92(S1):S15–S18.

9. Elia M. Organ and tissue contribution to metabolic weight. In: Kinney JM, Tucker HN, eds. Energy Metabolism: Tissue Determinants and Cellular Corollaries. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1992: 61–79.

10. Meerman R, Brown AJ. When somebody loses weight, where does the fat go? BMJ. 2014;349.

11. Ibid.

12. Keim NL, Barbieri TF, Van Loan M. Physiological and biochemical variables associated with body fat loss in overweight women. Int J Obes. April 1991;15(4):283–93.

13. Poirier P, Després JP. Exercise in weight management of obesity. Cardiol Clin. August 2001;19(3):459–70.

14. Rosenkilde M, et al. Body fat loss and compensatory mechanisms in response to different doses of aerobic exercise—a randomized controlled trial in overweight sedentary males. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. September 15, 2012;303(6):R571–R579.

15. Smith TJ, et al. Efficacy of a meal-replacement program for promoting blood lipid changes and weight and body fat loss in US Army soldiers. J Am Diet Assoc. February 2010;110(2):268–73.

16. Willis FB, Smith FM, Willis AP. Frequency of exercise for body fat loss: a controlled, cohort study. J Strength Cond Res. November 2009;23(8):2377–80.

17. Krebs JD, et al. Changes in risk factors for cardiovascular disease with body fat loss in obese women. Diabetes Obes Metab. November 2002;4(6):379–87.

18. Lamarche B, et al. Is body fat loss a determinant factor in the improvement of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism following aerobic exercise training in obese women? Metabolism. November 1992;41(11):1249–56.

19. Tremblay A, Nadeau A, Bouchard C. Is body fat loss a determinant factor in the improvement of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism following aerobic exercise training in obese women? Metabolism. November 1992;41(11):1249–56.

20. Ballor DL, Poehlman ET. Exercise-training enhances fat-free mass preservation during diet-induced weight loss: a meta-analytical finding. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. January 1994;18(1):35–40.

21. Donnelly JE, et al. Is resistance training effective for weight management? Evidence-Based Preventive Medicine. 2003;1:21–29.

22. Farnsworth E, et al. Effect of a high-protein, energy-restricted diet on body composition, glycemic control, and lipid concentrations in overweight and obese hyperinsulinemic men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. July 2003;78(1):31–39.

23. Katch FI, Michael ED Jr., Jones EM. Effects of physical training on the body composition and diet of females. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. Research Quarterly. 1969;40(1):99–104.

24. Muth DM. What are the guidelines for percentage of body fat loss? ACE Fitness. December 2, 2009. https://www.acefitness.org/acefit/healthy-living-article/60/112/what-are-the-guidelines-for-percentage-of/.

25. Troisi RJ, et al. Relation of obesity and diet to sympathetic nervous system activity. Hypertension. 1991;17:669–77.

26. Gibala MJ, et al. Physiological adaptations to low-volume, high-intensity interval training in health and disease. J Physiol. March 1, 2012;590(Pt 5):1077–84.

27. Gibala MJ, McGee SL. Metabolic adaptations to short-term high-intensity interval training: A little pain for a lot of gain? Exerc Sport Sci Rev. April 2008;36(2):58–63.

28. Little JP, Francois ME. High-intensity interval training for improving postprandial hyperglycemia. Res Q Exerc Sport. December 2014;85(4):451–56.

29. Álvarez C, et al. Eight weeks of combined high intensity intermittent exercise normalized altered metabolic parameters in women. Rev Med Chil. April 2014;142(4):458–66.

30. Ho SS, Dhaliwal SS, Hills AP, Pal S. The effect of 12 weeks of aerobic, resistance or combination exercise training on cardiovascular risk factors in the overweight and obese in a randomized trial. BMC Public Health. August 28, 2012;12:704.

31. De Feo P. Is high-intensity exercise better than moderate-intensity exercise for weight loss? Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. November 2013;23(11):1037–42.

32. Ballor DL, Poehlman ET. Exercise-training enhances fat-free mass preservation during diet-induced weight loss: a meta-analytical finding. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. January 1994;18(1):35–40.

33. Farnsworth E, et al. Effect of a high-protein, energy-restricted diet on body composition, glycemic control, and lipid concentrations in overweight and obese hyperinsulinemic men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. July 2003;78(1):31–39.

34. Katch FI, Michael ED Jr., Jones EM. Effects of physical training on the body composition and diet of females. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. Research Quarterly. 1969;40(1):99–104.

35. Ibid.

36. Muth DM. What are the guidelines for percentage of body fat loss? ACE Fitness. December 2, 2009. https://www.acefitness.org/acefit/healthy-living-article/60/112/what-are-the-guidelines-for-percentage-of/.

37. Pasiakos SM, et al. Effects of high-protein diets on fat-free mass and muscle protein synthesis following weight loss: a randomized controlled trial. FASEB J. September 2013;27(9):3837–47.

38. Soenen S, et al. Normal protein intake is required for body weight loss and weight maintenance, and elevated protein intake for additional preservation of resting energy expenditure and fat free mass. J Nutr. May 2013;143(5):591–96.

39. Gibala MJ, et al. Physiological adaptations to low-volume, high-intensity interval training in health and disease. J Physiol. March 1, 2012;590(Pt 5):1077–84.

40. Abbas A, Szczepaniak LS, Tuncel M, et al. Adiposity-independent sympathetic activity in black men. Journal of Applied Physiology. June 1, 2010;108:1613–18.

41. Grassi G, et al. Body weight reduction, sympathetic nerve traffic, and arterial baroreflex in obese normotensive humans. Circulation. 1998;15(97):2037–42.

42. Grassi G, Seravelle G, Cattaneo BM, et al. Sympathetic activation in obese normotensive subjects. Hypertension. 1995;25:560 –63.

43. Gudbjornsdottir S, et al. Sympathetic nerve activity and insulin in obese normotensive and hypertensive men. Hypertension. February 1996;27(2):276–80.

44. Scherrer U, et al. Body fat and sympathetic nerve activity in healthy subjects. Circulation. 1994;89(6):2634–40.

45. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development staff. Stress system malfunction could lead to serious, life threatening disease. NICHD/NIH. July 21, 2006. http://www.nichd.nih.gov/news/releases/pages/stress.aspx.

46. Bakris G, et al. Atlas vertebra realignment and achievement of arterial pressure goal in hypertensive patients: a pilot study. J Human Hyperten. May 2007;21(5):347–52.

47. Edwards IJ, Deuchars SA, Deuchars J. The intermedius nucleus of the medulla: a potential site for the integration of cervical information and the generation of autonomic responses. J Clin Neuroanatomy. November 2009;38(3)166–75.

48. Matteoli G, Boeckxstaens GE. The vagal innervation of the gut and immune homeostasis. Gut. August 2013;62(8):1214–22.

49. Welch A, Boone R. Sympathetic and parasympathetic responses to specific diversified adjustments to chiropractic vertebral subluxations of the cervical and thoracic spine. J Chiropractic Medicine. September 2008;7(3):86–93.

50. Nance DM, Sanders VM. Autonomic innervation and regulation of the immune system. Brain Behav Immun. August 2007;21(6):736–45.

51. Jowsey P, Perry J. Sympathetic nervous system effects in the hands following a grade III postero-anterior rotatory mobilisation technique applied to T4: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Man Ther. June 2010;15(3):248–53.

52. Pickar JG. Neurophysiological effects of spinal manipulation. Spine Journal. September–October 2002;2(5):357–71.

53. Sterling M, Jull G, Wright A. Cervical mobilisation: concurrent effects on pain, sympathetic nervous system activity and motor activity. Man Ther. May 2011;6(2):72–81.

54. Budgell B, Polus B. The effects of thoracic manipulation on heart rate variability: a controlled crossover trial. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. October 2006;29(8):603–61.

55. Gibbons PF, Gosling CM, Holmes M. Short-term effects of cervical manipulation on edge light pupil cycle time: A pilot study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. September 2000;23(7):465–69.39.

56. Banni S, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation reduces body weight and fat mass in rats. PloS One. September 28, 2012.

57. McClelland J, et al. A systematic review of the effects of neuromodulation on eating and body weight: evidence from human and animal studies. Eur Eat Disorders Rev. November 2013;21:436–55.

58. Rubin R, Nazario B. The skinny on next generation weight loss treatments. Medscape Diabetes & Endocrinology. March 2, 2015.

59. Uddén J, et al. Effects of glucocorticoids on leptin levels and eating behaviour in women. J Intern Med. February 2003;253(2):225–31.

60. Farvid MS, et al. Association of adiponectin and resistin with adipose tissue compartments, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. July 2005;7(4):406–13.

61. Landsberg L. Hyperinsulinemia: Possible role in obesity-induced hypertension. Hypertension. January 1992;19(1 Suppl):161–66.

62. Holmberg I, et al. Absorption of a pharmacological dose of vitamin D3 from two different lipid vehicles in man: comparison of peanut oil and a medium chain triglyceride. Biopharm Drug Dispos. December 1990;11(9):807–15.

63. De Ridder CM, et al. Body fat mass, body fat distribution, and plasma hormones in early puberty in females. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. April 1, 1990;70(4):888–93.

64. Miller M. Mayo Clinic study on low estrogen and weight gain unclear. Healthline. May 10, 2013. http://www.healthline.com/health-blogs/hold-that-pause/mayo-clinic-study-low-estrogen-weight-gain-unclear.

65. Cumming DC, Quigley ME, Yen SS. Acute suppression of circulating testosterone levels by cortisol in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. September 1983;57(3):671–73.

66. Ibid.

67. Bambino TH, Hsueh AJ. Direct inhibitory effect of glucocorticoids upon testicular lutenizing hormone receptor and steroidogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Endocrinology. June 1981;108(2):2142–48.

68. Brownlee KK, et al. Relationship between circulating cortisol and testosterone: influence of physical exercise. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. March 2005;4:76–83.

69. McClelland J, et al. A systematic review of the effects of neuromodulation on eating and body weight: evidence from human and animal studies. Eur Eat Disorders Rev. November 2013;21:436–55.

70. Miller M. Mayo Clinic study on low estrogen and weight gain unclear. Healthline. May 10, 2013. http://www.healthline.com/health-blogs/hold-that-pause/mayo-clinic-study-low-estrogen-weight-gain-unclear.

71. Uddén J, et al. Effects of glucocorticoids on leptin levels and eating behaviour in women. J Intern Med. February 2003;253(2):225–31.

72. Masuzaki H, et al. Transgenic amplification of glucocorticoid action in adipose tissue causes high blood pressure in mice. J Clin Invest. July 2003;112(1):83–90.

73. Ibid.

74. Bambino TH, Hsueh AJ. Direct inhibitory effect of glucocorticoids upon testicular lutenizing hormone receptor and steroidogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Endocrinology. June 1981;108(2):2142–48.

75. Varughese AG, Nimkevych O, Uwaifo GI. Hypercortisolism in obesity-associated hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep. July 2014;16(7):443.

76. De Leo M, et al. Subclinical Cushing’s syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. August 2012;26(4):497–505.

Chapter 24:

Fat Children? Act Now!


1. Salans LB, Cushman SW, Weismann RE. Studies of human adipose tissue. Adipose cell size and number in nonobese and obese patients. J Clin Invest. April 1973;52(4):929–41.

2. Childhood obesity facts. Centers for Disease Control. February 27, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/obesity/facts.htm.

3. Ibid.

4. Wang S. Fatty liver disease: more prevalent in children. Wall Street Journal. Updated September 9, 2013. http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324549004579064903051692782.

5. Spalding KL, et al. Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans. Nature. June 5, 2008;453:783–87.

6 Ibid.

7. Salans LB, Cushman SW, Weismann RE. Studies of human adipose tissue. Adipose cell size and number in nonobese and obese patients. J Clin Invest. April 1973;52(4):929–41.

8. Spalding KL, et al. Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans. Nature. June 5, 2008;453:783–87.

9. Cunningham S, Kramer M, Narayan V. Incidence of childhood obesity in the United States. N Engl J Med. January 30, 2014;370:403–11.

10. Kolata G. Obesity is found to gain its hold in earliest years. New York Times. January 29, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/30/science/obesity-takes-hold-early-in-life-study-finds.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias percent3Ar&_r=0.

11. Ibid.

12. Cunningham S, Kramer M, Narayan V. Incidence of childhood obesity in the United States. N Engl J Med. January 30, 2014;370:403–11.

13. de Assis S, et al. High-fat or ethinyl-oestradiol intake during pregnancy increases mammary cancer risk in several generations of offspring. Nat. Commun. September 11, 2012;3:1053.

14. Martinez-Chacin RC, Keniry M, Dearth RK. Analysis of high fat diet induced genes during mammary gland development: Identifying role players in poor prognosis of breast cancer. BMC Res Notes. August 18, 2014;7(1):543.

15. Montales MT, et al. Maternal metabolic perturbations elicited by high-fat diet promote Wnt-1-induced mammary tumor risk in adult female offspring via long-term effects on mammary and systemic phenotypes. Carcinogenesis. September 2014;35(9):2102–112.

16. Vogt MC, et al. Neonatal insulin action impairs hypothalamic neurocircuit formation in response to maternal high fat feeding. Cell. January 30, 2014;156(3)495–509.

17. Montales MT, et al. Maternal metabolic perturbations elicited by high-fat diet promote Wnt-1-induced mammary tumor risk in adult female offspring via long-term effects on mammary and systemic phenotypes. Carcinogenesis. September 2014;35(9):2102–112.

18. Vogt MC, et al. Neonatal insulin action impairs hypothalamic neurocircuit formation in response to maternal high fat feeding. Cell. January 30, 2014;156(3)495–509.

19. Ibid.

20. Mina TH, Reynolds RM. Mechanism linking in utero stress to altered offspring behaviour. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. February 28, 2014. (Epub ahead of print.)

21. Weinstock M. The long-term consequences of stress on brain function: from adaptations to mental diseases. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. August 2008;32(6):1073–86.

22. Lester BM, Conradt E, Marsit CJ. Fetal origins of adult disease: epigenetic basis for the development of depression in children. Clin Obstet & Gynocol. September 2013;56(3):556–65.

23. Mina TH, Reynolds RM. Mechanism linking in utero stress to altered offspring behaviour. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. February 28, 2014. (Epub ahead of print.)

24. Lester BM, Conradt E, Marsit CJ. Fetal origins of adult disease: epigenetic basis for the development of depression in children. Clin Obstet & Gynocol. September 2013;56(3):556–65.

25. Raine A, et al. Reduction in behavior problems with omega-3 supplementation in children aged 8–16 years: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, stratified, parallel-group trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2015;56(5):509.

26. Rhee KE, McEachern R, Jelalian E. Parent readiness to change differs for overweight child dietary and physical activity behaviors. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. June 20, 2014.

27. Lundahl A, Kidwell KM, Nelson TD. Parental underestimates of child weight: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics. March 1, 2014;133(3):e689–e703.

28. Rhee KE, McEachern R, Jelalian E. Parent readiness to change differs for overweight child dietary and physical activity behaviors. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. June 20, 2014.

29. Epstein LH, et al. Randomized trial of the effects of reducing television viewing and computer use on body mass index in young children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. March 2008;162(3):239–45.

30. Vigdor J, Ladd, H. Scaling the Digital Divide: Home Computer Technology and Student Achievement. Urban Institute. August 10, 2010. http://www.urban.org/research/publication/scaling-digital-divide-home-computer-technology-and-student-achievement.

31. Khandaker GM, et al. Association of serum interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein in childhood with depression and psychosis in young adult life: A population-based longitudinal study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(10):1121–28.

32. Ibid.

33. Wang X, et al. Inflammatory markers and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. January 2013;36(1):166–75.

34. Suglia SF, Kara S, Robinson WR. Sleep duration and obesity among adolescents transitioning to adulthood: Do results differ by sex? Journal of Pediatrics. 2014.

35. Condezo-Hoyos L, Mohanty IP, Noratto GD. Assessing non-digestible compounds in apple cultivars and their potential as modulators of obese faecal microbiota in vitro. Food Chemistry. 2014;161:208.

36. Chudnovskiy R, et al. Consumption of clarified grapefruit juice ameliorates high-fat diet induced insulin resistance and weight gain in mice. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e108408.

Chapter 25:

When Health Goes Up, Weight Goes . . .


1. World Health Organization. Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic: Report of a WHO Consultation (WHO Technical Report Series 894). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2000: 39.

2. Ekelund U, et al. Physical activity and all-cause mortality across levels of overall and abdominal adiposity in European men and women: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study (EPIC). Am J Clin Nutr. January 14, 2015.

3. Brüning JC, et al. Role of brain insulin receptor in control of body weight and reproduction. Science. September 22, 2000;289(5487):2122–25.

4. Hunt KF, Cheah YS, Amiel SA. Brain insulin resistance. In: Byrne CD and Wild SH: The Metabolic Syndrome. Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2011: 139–64.

5. Cheatham RA, et al. Long-term effects of provided low and high glycemic load low energy diets on mood and cognition. Physiol Behav. September 7, 2009;98(3):374–79.

6. Hanley AJ, et al. Elevations in markers of liver injury and risk of type 2 diabetes: The insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes. October 2004;53(10):2623–32.

7. Kelley DE, et al. Fatty liver in type 2 diabetes mellitus: relation to regional adiposity, fatty acids, and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. October 2003;285(4):E906–E916.

8. Ryysy L, et al. Hepatic fat content and insulin action on free fatty acids and glucose metabolism rather than insulin absorption are associated with insulin requirements during insulin therapy in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes. May 2000;49(5):749–58.

9. Seppälä-Lindroos A, et al. Fat accumulation in the liver is associated with defects in insulin suppression of glucose production and serum fatty acids independent of obesity in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. July 2002;87(7):3023–28.

Chapter 26:

Eating Chocolate to Lose Weight!


1. Kwok CS, et al. Habitual chocolate consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease among healthy men and women. Heart. June 15, 2015.

2. Tierney J. Do you suffer from decision fatigue? New York Times Magazine. August 21, 2011.

3. Baumeister RF. The Psychology of Irrationality. In Brocas I and Carrillo JD, The Psychology of Economic Decisions: Rationality and Well-Being. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2003: 1–15.

4. Danziera S, Levav J, Avnaim-Pesso L. Extraneous factors in judicial decisions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2011;108(17):6889–92.

5. Brooks SJ, et al. A debate on current eating disorder diagnoses in light of neurobiological findings: Is it time for a spectrum model? BMC Psychiatry. 2012;12(76).

6. Baeken C, Claes S, De Raedt R. The influence of COMT Val Met genotype on the character dimension cooperativeness in healthy females. Brain and Behavior. 2014,4:515–20.

7. Schroeder JA, et al. Nucleus accumbens C-Fos expression is correlated with conditioned place preference to cocaine, morphine and high fat/sugar food consumption. Neuroscience Conference, 2013; Annual Meetings/Neuroscience 2013 Abstracts. (Unpublished.)

8. Pelletier C, et al. Associations between weight loss-induced changes in plasma organochlorine concentrations, serum T(3) concentration, and resting metabolic rate. Toxicol Sci. May 2002;67(1):46–51.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

11. Ziegler TR, et al. Increased intestinal permeability associated with infection in burn patients. Arch Surg. 1988;123(11):1313–19.

12. Ledingham JG, et al. Effects of aging on vasopressin secretion, water excretion, and thirst in man. Kidney Int Suppl. August 1987;21:S90–S92.

13. Stachenfeld NS, et al. Mechanism of attenuated thirst in aging: role of central volume receptors. Am J Physiol. January 1997;272(1 Pt 2):R148–R157.

14. Rolls BJ, Phillips PA. Aging and disturbances of thirst and fluid balance. Nutr Rev. March 1990;48(3):137–44. Review.

15. Farrell MJ, et al. Effect of aging on regional cerebral blood flow responses associated with osmotic thirst and its satiation by water drinking: A PET study. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. January 8, 2008;105(1):382–87.

16. Kenney WL, Chiu P. Influence of age on thirst and fluid intake. Med Sci Sports Exerc. September 2001;33(9):1524–32. Review.

17. Vij VA, Joshi AS. Effect of “water induced thermogenesis” on body weight, body mass index and body composition of overweight subjects. J Clin Diagn Res. September 2013;7(9):1894–96.

18. Davy BM, et al. Water consumption reduces energy intake at a breakfast meal in obese older adults. J Am Diet Assoc. July 2008;108(7):1236.

19. Batmanghelidi F. Your Body’s Many Cries for Water. Vienna, VA: Global Health Solutions; 2008.

20. Smith JL. Review: The role of gastric acid in preventing foodborne disease and how bacteria overcome acid conditions. J Food Prot. July 2003;66(7):1292–303. Review.

21. Karamanolis G, et al. A glass of water immediately increases gastric pH in healthy subjects. Dig Dis Sci. 2008.

22. Tennant SM, et al. Bacterial infections: Influence of gastric acid on susceptibility to infection with ingested bacterial pathogens. Infect Immun. February 2008;76(2):639–45.

23. Morihara M, et al. Assessment of gastric acidity of Japanese subjects over the last 15 years. Biol Pharm Bull. March 2001;24(3):313–15.

Chapter 27:

Just Chew It!


1. Malamud D, et al. Antiviral activities in human saliva. Adv Dent Res. April 2011;23(1):34–37. Review.

2. Luo H, et al. Isolation, purification and antibacterial activities of salivary histidine-rich polypeptides. Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi (West China Journal of Stomatology). August 1999;17(3):227–29, 232. Chinese.

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9. Maiztegui B, et al. Islet adaptive changes to fructose-induced insulin resistance: beta-cell mass, glucokinase, glucose metabolism, and insulin secretion. J Endocrinol. February 2009;200(2):139–49.

10. Teff KL, et al. Endocrine and metabolic effects of consuming fructose- and glucose-sweetened beverages with meals in obese men and women: influence of insulin resistance on plasma triglyceride responses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. May 2009;94(5):1562–69.

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13. Kallus SJ, Brandt LJ. The intestinal microbiota and obesity. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012 Jan;46(1):16–24.

14. Krych L, et al. Gut microbial markers are associated with diabetes onset, regulatory imbalance, and IFN-γ level in NOD Mice. Gut Microbes. February 2015;3:0.

15. Kiecolt-Glaser JK, et al. Daily stressors, past depression, and metabolic responses to high-fat meals: a novel path to obesity. Biological Psychiatry. 2014.

16. Zeevi D, et al. Personalized Nutrition by Prediction of Glycemic Responses. Cell. November 1990; 63(5):1079–94.

17. Le Chatelier E, et al. Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers. Nature. August 29, 2013;500(7464:541–46.

18. Carpenter D, et al. Obesity, starch digestion and amylase: association between copy number variants at human salivary (AMY1) and pancreatic (AMY2) amylase genes. Hum Mol Genet. June 15, 2015;24(12):3472–80.

19. Dunstan DW, et al. Breaking up prolonged sitting reduces postprandial glucose and insulin responses. Diabetes Care. May 2012;35(5):976–83. doi: 10.2337/dc11-1931. Epub February 28, 2012.

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38. Dangin M, et al. The rate of protein digestion affects protein gain differently during aging in humans. J Physiology. June 1, 2003;549:635–44.

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Chapter 28:

Gonna Keep Pumping Air in That Tire?


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2. Caverly TJ, et al. Too much medicine happens too often: the teachable moment and a call for manuscripts from clinical trainees. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(1):8–9.

Chapter 29:

On Healing and Rainbows


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3. Waterland RA, et al. Methyl donor supplementation prevents transgenerational amplification of obesity. International Journal of Obesity. September 2008;32(9):1373–79.

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Chapter 31:

The Essential You: Deeper Meanings to Illness


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2. Jung C. Memories, Dreams, Reflections. New York, NY: Pantheon Press; 1961.

Chapter 32:

Help for Deep Healing: Life’s Toolbox


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7. Sakakibara M, Hayano J. Effect of slowed respiration on cardiac parasympathetic response to threat. Psychosom Med. 1996;58:32–37.

8. Telles S, Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR. Breathing through a particular nostril can alter metabolism and autonomic activities. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1994;38:133–37.

9. Mohan M, et al. Effect of yoga type breathing on heart rate and cardiac axis of normal subjects. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1986;30:334–40.

10. Khanam AA, et al. Study of pulmonary and autonomic functions of asthma patients after yoga training. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1996;40:318–24.

11. Alabdulgader AA. Coherence: A Novel Nonpharmacological Modality for Lowering Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Patients. Global Advances in Health and Medicine. May 2012;1(2):54–62.

12. Sanford JA. Healing and Wholeness. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press; 1997.

13. Pergameni CG. Hatzopoulos O, ed. That the Best Physician Is Also a Philosopher, with a Modern Greek Translation. Athens, Greece: Odysseas Hatzopoulos & Co.: Kaktos Editions; 1992.

14. Oberhelman SM. Galen, on diagnosis from dreams. J Hist Med Allied Sci. January 1983;38(1):36–47.

Chapter 34:

The Reason Why


1. Jung C. Memories, Dreams, Reflections. New York, NY: Pantheon Press; 1961.

2. Klemp H. The Art of Spiritual Dreaming. Chanhassen, MN: Eckankar; 1999.

3. Sanford JA. Dreams: God’s Forgotten Language. Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott; 1968.